City in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany forty miles southwest of Cologne, Germany, near the Dutch and Belgian borders. It was the northern capital of Charlemagne's empire and thirty-two emperors of the Holy Roman Empire were crowned there. In 1801, it was annexed by France. In 1815 it was given to Prussia. It was badly bombed in World War II. It has a population of approximately 252,000. Its French name is Aix-La-Chapelle.

History

The thing Aachen has been most well know for for millenia are its hot springs. These attracted the Romans as well as Charlemagne and his father Pippin as well as the European high society in the 18th and 19th century. Also Aachen got its name from them: Aquae granni with Grannus being a local god. Everything else seems to have stemmed from the springs:

  • The Romans came to build a military bath for the recreation of their soldiers fighting those damned Teutons. They left a little village with a rectangular street map oriented along a major hill of the landscape.

  • Charlemagne and his father often visited Aachen at Christmas and Eastern (too soothe their rheumatism as is said). Charlemagne finally decided to have Aachen as a steady residence and therefore a (small) palace and a (small) cathedral were build. The cathedral is one of the few with an octagonal center, which is probably the reason why it was made world cultural heritage.

    Since Charles was a good Christian, church and palace were oriented in east west direction which somehow conflicted with the way the Romans had build. As a result Aachen's inner city has a lot of triangular places and bending roads. Charles was buried in the Cathedral.

  • When about a hundred years later Otto I had some problems with justifying his regency, he declared himself in the tradition of Charlemagne. He was crowned in Aachen's cathedral and took his coronation meal in the palace. This became the standard for the next 30 German kings or so, who left treasuries and attached chapels for the cathedral and independent city rights for Aachen.

  • When in the 17th to 19th century travel became somewhat easier Aachen made a fortune by people (e.g. Friedrich the Great, Peter the Great) visiting for treatments with the hot waters. Luckily already in the 16th century a doctor from Aachen had started to distribute writings on the healthy effects of Aachen's springs against all kinds of illnesses.

Alas, Aachen was the first German town the Allies tried to occupy in the second world war, which lead to some heavy fighting. Many of the old buildings are either destroyed or had to be rebuild after the war.

Current times

Aachen is now dominated by its university (RWTH Aachen) and technical colleges. About a fifth of the populace is made up of students. One of the results is that Aachen probably has the highest density of pubs of all German towns in its inner city (especially Pontstraße north of the market-place). Another one is that a lot of startups (like Aixtron, Elsa or Parsytec) have joined the ranks of more traditional industries (like Philips or Ericsson).

Aachen is located next to Belgium and the Netherlands and the local dialect has a lot of similarities with Dutch. Also a lot of commuting for work and shopping happens over the nowadays open borders. Therefore some decades ago Aachen's city council started to issue the so called "Karlspreis" (named after Charlemagne) each year to a person which made himself merited for the European Unification. In 2000 strangely Bill Clinton was chosen (probably so the mayor could shake hands with him).

Let me finally clear up two misconceptions of the above write ups:

  1. It is unknown where Charlemagne was born and Aachen has no higher probability than a lot of other towns.

  2. Aachen is not only located on the Belgian border but also on the Dutch. In fact, the "Dreiländereck" (Three Country Corner) is ca. 5 kilometers from Aachen's center. The "Dreiländereck" is also the highest point of the Netherlands (ca. 310 m).

Aachen

(In French, Aix-la-Chapelle, the name by which the city is generally known; in Latin Aquae Grani, later Aquisgranum)

The city of Aachen lies in a Prussian valley, surrounded by wooded heights, on the Wurm, a tributary of the Roer, on its way to the Meuse. Population, 1 December, 1905, 151,922 (including the Parish of Forst); Catholics, 139,485; Protestants, 10,552; Israelites, 1,658; other denominations, 227. [1990 Population: about 250,000 — Ed.]

The city owes its origin to its salubrious springs which were already known in the time of the Romans. There appears to have been a royal court in Aachen under the Merovingians, but it rose to greater importance under Charlemagne who chose it as his favourite place of residence, adorned it with a noble-imperial palace and chapel, and gave orders that he should be buried there.

The precious relics obtained by Charlemagne and Otho III for the imperial chapel were the objects of great pilgrimages in the Middle Ages (the so-called "Shrine Pilgrimages") which drew countless swarms of pilgrims from Germany, Austria, Hungary, England, Sweden, and other countries. From the middle of the fourteenth century onwards, however it became customary to expose the four great relics only once in every seven years, a custom which still holds. These pilgrimages, the coronations of the German emperors (thirty-seven of whom were crowned there between 813 and 1531), the flourishing industries and the privileges conferred by the various emperors combined to make Aachen one of the first cities of the Empire.

The decay of Aachen dates from the religious strife of the German Reformation. Albrecht von Muenster first preached Protestantism there in the year 1524 but was afterwards forbidden to preach the new views and executed on account of two murders committed during his stay in the cities of Maastricht and Wesel. A new Protestant community was soon, however formed in Aachen, which gradually attained such strength as to provoke a rising in 1581, force the election of a Protestant burgomaster, and defy the Emperor for several years. The Ban of the empire was, therefore, pronounced against the city in 1597 and put in force by the Duke of Julich, the Catholic overlord of the city. The Catholics were restored to their rights, and the Jesuits invited to Aachen, in 1600. In 1611, however, the Protestants rose afresh, plundered the Jesuit college, drove out the Catholic officials in 1612, and opened their gates to troops from Brandenburg. The Ban of the Empire was again laid on the city, and executed by the Spanish general, Spinola. The Protestant ringleaders were tried or exiled, and many other Protestants banished. These troubles, together with a great fire which destroyed 4,000 houses, put an end to the prosperity of the city.

Two treaties of peace were concluded at Aachen during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. By the first, dated 2 May 1668, Louis XIV was compelled, by the Triple Aliiance between England, the Netherlands, and Sweden, to abandon the war against the Spanish Netherlands, to restore the Franche Comte, which he had conquered, and to content himself with twelve Flemish fortresses. The second treaty, dated 18 October, 1748, put an end to the War of the Austrian Succession. In 1793 and 1794, Aachen was occupied by the French, incorporated with the French Republic in 1798 and 1802, and made the capital of the Department of the Roer. By the terms of the French Concordat of 1801 Aachen was made a bishopric subject to the Archbishop of Mechlin, and composed of 79 first class, and 754 second class, parishes. The first and only bishop was Marcus Antonius Berdolet (b. 13 September, 1740, at Rougemont, in Alsace 3; d. 13 August, 1809), who, for the most part, left the government of his diocese to his vicar-general, Martin Wilhelm Fonck (b. 28 October, 1752, at Goch; d. 26 June, 1830, as Provost of Cologne Cathedral). After the death of Bishop Berdolet the diocese was governed by Le Camus, Vicar General of Meaux; after his death, in 1814, by the two vicars-general Fonck and Klinkenberg. The Bull of Pius VII, "De Salute Animarum," dated 16 July, 1821 which regulated church matters in Prussia anew, did away with the bishopric of Aachen, and transferred most of its territory to the archdiocese of Cologne; a collegiate chapter, consisting of a provost and six canons, taking the place of the bishopric in 1825. In 1815 Aachen became Prussian territory. The Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle sat there from 30 September to 11 November, 1818, and was attended by the sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, and by plenipotentiaries from France and England, to determine the relations between France and the Powers. France obtained a reduction of the war indemnity and the early departure of the army of occupation, and joined the Holy Alliance; the other four Powers guaranteed the throne of France to the Bourbons, against any revolution that might occur. Aachen, under Prussian government, returned to prosperity, chiefly through the development of the coal mines in the neighborhood, which facilitated several extensive industries (such as the manufacture of linen, needles, machinery, glass, woolen, and half-woollen stuffs, etc.), but also in consequence of the large number of visitors to its hot springs.

The minster ranks first among the church buildings; it consists of three distinct parts: the octagon, the choir, and the crown, or ring, of chapels, the octagon forming the central portion. This last is the most important monument of Carolingian architecture, it was built between 796 and 804, in the reign of Charlemagne, by Master Odo of Metz, and modelled after the Italian circular church of San Vitale at Ravenna. It was consecrated by Pope Leo III. It is an eight-angled, domed building, 54 feet in diameter, with a sixteen-sided circumference of 120 feet, and a height of 124 feet. The interior of the dome is adorned with mosaics on a gold ground, executed by Salviati of Venice, in 1882, representing Our Lord surrounded by the four and twenty Ancients of the Apocalypse. The main building was decorated with marble and mosaics in 1902, after the designs of H. Schaper. Over the spot supposed to be the site of Charlemagne's grave hangs an enormous corona of lamps, the gift of the Emperor Frederick I, Barbarossa; in the choir of the octagon, the so-called upper minster, stands Charlemagne's throne, made of great-slabs of white marble, where, after the coronation, the German emperors received the homage of their nobles. The rich upper choir, built in Gothic style, joins on to the eastern side of the octagon; it was begun in the second half of the fourteenth century, and dedicated in 1414. The thirteen windows, each 100 feet high, have been filled with new coloured glass; on the pillars betwen them stand fourteen statues (the Mother of God, the Twelve Apostles, and Charlemagne), dating from the fifteenth century. Among the treasures of the choir should be mentioned the famous Gospel-pulpit, enriched with gold plates, the gift of the Emperor Henry II, the throne canopy of the fifteenth century the new Gothic high altar of 1876, and the memorial stone which marks the spot where the Emperor Otto III formerly lay. The lower portions of the bell-tower, to the west of the octagon, belong to the Carolingian period, the Gothic superstructure dates from 1884. Of the chapels which surround the whole building, the so-called Hungarian chapel contains the minster treasury, which includes a large number of relics, vessels, and vestments, the most important being those known as the four "Great Relics," namely, the cloak of the Blessed Virgin, the swaddling-clothes of the Infant Jesus, the loin-cloth worn by Our Lord on the Cross, and the cloth on which lay the head of St. John the Baptist after his beheading. They are exposed every seven years and venerated by thousands of pilgrims.

Among the other Catholic churches of Aachen, the following may be mentioned:

  • the Church of Our Lady, a Gothic church in brick, built by Friederich Statz in 1859
  • the Church of St. Foillan, the oldest parish church in the city, which dates, in its present form, from the Gothic period, and was renovated between 1883 and 1888; and
  • the Romanesque Church of St. James, built between 1877 and 1888.
The most important secular building is the Rathaus, built between 1333 and 1350, on the site of, and out of the ruins of, Charlemagne's imperial palace, and completely renovated between 1882 and 1903. The facade is adorned with the statues of fifty-four German emperors, the great hall (Kaisersaal) with eight frescoes from designs by Alfred Rethel.

In Aachen there are foundations established by the Franciscans, Capuchins, Alexians, and Redemptorists. A number of female orders also have establishments, including:

COUNCILS OF AACHEN

A number of important councils were held here in the early Middle Ages. In the mixed council of 798, Charlemagne proclaimed an important capitulary of eighty-one chapters, largely a repetition of earlier ecclesiastical legislation, that was accepted by the clergy and acquired canonical authority. At the council of 799, after a discussion of six days Felix, Bishop of Urgel, in Spain, avowed himself overcome by Alcuin and withdrew his heretical theory of Adoptianism. In the synods of 816, 817, 818, and 819, clerical and monastic discipline was the chief issue, and the famous "Regula Aquensis" was made obligatory on all establishments of canons and canonesses (see WESTERN MONASTICISM), while a new revision of the Rule of St. Benedict was imposed on the monks of that order by the reformer Benedict of Aniane. The synod of 836 was largely attended and devoted itself to the restoration of ecclesiastical discipline that had been gravely affected by the civil wars between Louis the Pious and his sons. From 860 to 862 three councils were occupied with the question of the divorce of King Lothaire I from his wife, Theutberga. In 1166 took place the famous schismatic council, approved by the Antipope Paschal III, in which was decreed the canonization of Charlemagne, that was solemnly celebrated 29 December of that year.

JOSEPH LINS
Transcribed by Tomas Hancil

The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia

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