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Fri Oct 20 2000 at 16:52:15
Temperature and Heat
The amount of
heat
required for a given increase in
temperature
in a given substance is its
specific heat
.
Base unit is the
calorie
, one calorie is the amount of heat that will raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree Celsius
Heat is a form if
kinetic energy
as applied to molecules. Moving molecules create a raise in temperature, but the bonds hold them steady. The bonds have to be broken by heat to generate
a raise in temperature
. This is inefficient, and creates a stable temperature for organisms.
Vaporization
Change from a
liquid
to a
gas
.
Water has a high
heat of vaporization
(at 100 degrees Celsius, it takes 540
Calories
to change one gram of water into vapor.)
Molecules break from
liquid
into air until the air is saturated (with humidity).
Hydrogen bonds
must be broken
Freezing
Transition to a
solid
Density of water
increases until it drops to four degrees
Celsius
All molecules form
hydrogen bonds
immediately and expand.
For solid water to become
liquid
, 79.7 calories per gram are needed. This is its
heat of fusion
, and is drawn from the surroundings.
Presence of dissolved substance lowers temperature at which water freezes.
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