A combination of
atomic orbitals on the same atom, resulting in a blended wave
function with new directional properties.
sp hybrid orbitals: A
set of one-
electron wavefunctions constructed from one s
function and one p
function on the same
atom. The two sp
orbitals, spaced 180
degrees apart, face in
opposite directions.
sp2 hybrid orbitals : A
set of one-
electron wave functions constructed from one s
function and two p
functions on the same
atom. The three sp
2 orbitals, spaced 120
degrees apart, point toward the
vertices of an
equilateral triangle.
sp3 hybrid orbitals : A
set of one-
electron wave functions constructed from one s
function and three p
functions on the same atom. The four sp
3 orbitals, spaced 109.5
degrees apart, point toward the
vertices of an
rectangular tetrahedron.
sp3d2 hybrid orbitals : A
set of one-
electron wave functions constructed from one s
function, three p
functions, and two d
functions on the same
atom. The six sp
3d
2 orbitals, spaced 90
degrees apart, point toward the
vertices of an
regular octahedron.