Called Archimedes of Syracuse
Born 287 BC in Syracuse, Sicily
Died 212 BC in Syracuse, Sicily

A Greek mathematician who invented what is now known as Archimedean Screw and made enough advances in geometry and other branches of mathematics that school children curse his name to this day.

He was actively involved in the defense of Syracuse against the Romans.

Plutarch recounts three versions of the story of his killing which had come down to him. The first version:-

Archimedes … was …, as fate would have it, intent upon working out some problem by a diagram, and having fixed his mind alike and his eyes upon the subject of his speculation, he never noticed the incursion of the Romans, nor that the city was taken. In this transport of study and contemplation, a soldier, unexpectedly coming up to him, commanded him to follow to Marcellus; which he declining to do before he had worked out his problem to a demonstration, the soldier, enraged, drew his sword and ran him through.
The second version:-
… a Roman soldier, running upon him with a drawn sword, offered to kill him; and that Archimedes, looking back, earnestly besought him to hold his hand a little while, that he might not leave what he was then at work upon inconclusive and imperfect; but the soldier, nothing moved by his entreaty, instantly killed him.
Finally, the third version that Plutarch had heard:-
… as Archimedes was carrying to Marcellus mathematical instruments, dials, spheres, and angles, by which the magnitude of the sun might be measured to the sight, some soldiers seeing him, and thinking that he carried gold in a vessel, slew him.
(A quotation by Plutarch about Archimedes)
… being perpetually charmed by his familiar siren, that is, by his geometry, he neglected to eat and drink and took no care of his person; that he was often carried by force to the baths, and when there he would trace geometrical figures in the ashes of the fire, and with his finger draws lines upon his body when it was anointed with oil, being in a state of great ecstasy and divinely possessed by his science.
Quoted in G F Simmons Calculus Gems (New York 1992).
Any solid lighter than a fluid will, if placed in the fluid, be so far immersed that the weight of the solid will be equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
On floating bodies I, prop 5.
Archimedes to Eratosthenes greeting. … certain things first became clear to me by a mechanical method, although they had to be demonstrated by geometry afterwards because their investigation by the said method did not furnish an actual demonstration. But it is of course easier, when we have previously acquired by the method, some knowledge of the questions, to supply the proof than it is to find it without any previous knowledge.
The Method in The Works of Archimedes translated by T L Heath (Cambridge 1912)
Eureka, Eureka.
I have found (it).
V Pollio, De Architectura ix, 215
Give me a place to stand and I will move the earth.
On the lever in Pappus Synagoge
Soldier, stand away from my diagram.
There are things which seem incredible to most men who have not studied mathematics.
Quoted in D MacHale, Conic Sections (Dublin 1993)

See also:
Burning Mirrors of Archimedes
http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Archimedes.html