Profiles in Courage
By
John F. Kennedy

Winner of The Pulitzer Prize

This book is not just the stories of the past but a book of hope and confidence for the future. What happens to the country, to the world, depends on what we do with what others have left us.
Robert F. Kennedy

Before [John F. Kennedy] became the thirty-fifth [President of the United States], he was a Senator from [Massachusetts]. It was shortly after his ninth year in that distinguished office, that he began to realize the courage and commitment which preceded us all and had existed in the annals of american history since the very beginning. In his studies of such bold actions, he decided to write about eight Senators who had come before him and were representative of the "most admirable of human virtues," courage. A term that [Ernest Hemingway] described as "[grace under pressure]." And we've all been there; when we tried to stand upon our personal convictions, our innermost beliefs, [The things we always thought, yet never had the courage to speak|against all odds]. Whether it was as a child when arguing against our parent's wishes, at school resisting [peer pressure|pressure from our peers], or in an open and public forum, we've each had a chance to courageously defend our beliefs. And so have these eight Senators, each in their own time, often in the face of "overwhelming opposition", according to Kennedy, each serves as a model of courage under pressure. Below, I attempt to briefly profile each Senator selected, and in no way is this an attempt to accurately portray their [Signs of courage|deeds of courage]. That can only be done in its entirety in the book itself, which I highly recommend .

[John Quincy Adams]- Like [George W. Bush] today, John Quincy Adams was the son of a [John Adams|president] and became president himself. Also like the president of today, Adams faced [scrutiny] and pressure at his every move and decision. But obviously, Kennedy doesn't write of this and nor shall I. Kennedy begins with the young returning [diplomat] from his father's presidency and his election as a [Federalist] to the [Massachusetts] legislature where he first demonstrated his "disdain for narrow [Partisanship and the "rule of law" are obstacles to true democracy|partisanship]." His proposal that the [Republican Party] be given proportional representation on the Governor's council was an action predicated on a principle by which his whole public life had been, and would always be, governed. On to the Senate, Quincy would remain wrapped in principles of " firmness, perseverance, coolness and forbearance." Hostilities would follow his entire career and are chronicled well in this chapter, beginning with his initial [filibuster|three- hour debate] in the Senate by objecting to a resolution calling for Senators to wear [crepe] in honor of three recently deceased patriots. It was just the beginning.

[Daniel Webster]-As a Senator from Massachusetts, in 1828, Webster battled with South Carolina Senators [John C. Calhoun] and [Robert Hayne] over a proposed high-[tariff] bill that he supported. Defending the Union, Webster declared, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseperable." Opposing the expansion of slavery but fearing even more, the dissolution of the Union, Webster supported the [Compromise of 1850], which divided antislavery proponents and the [Whig] Party but in the end, strenghtened the preservation of the Union.

[Thomas Hart Benton]-A Senator from Missouri from 1821 until 1851, Benton was an advocate of much problematic legislation, like the development of the west and proposals that would aid settlers, including removal of [Native American]s. Benton later went against the wishes of his own [constituent]s when he engineered the defeat of a treaty for the [annexation] of Texas. He also went against his party and Missouri in opposing the [Oregon expansion] issue. But, the "beginning of Benton's end" were his resolutions which stated that Congress had "no right to interfere with the development of slavery in the territories." He believed that the [Missouri Compromise] of 1820 had taken the issue of slavery out of politics and he refused to argue it on the Senate floor. An indication of the depth of his convictions is carried in his declaration that, "I cannot degrade the Senate by engaging in slavery and disunion discussions. Silence such debate is my prayer; and if that cannot be done, I silence myself."

[Sam Houston]- An early background worth one's time, Houston was reputed to be a man of reckless abandon, but nevertheless became the first President of the independent [Republic of Texas] in 1836. After statehood, Houston became its Senator and his [antics] in Washington only added to his already large legend. Although a slaveholder, Houston voted against slavery's expansion and was an opponent of Texas' secession from the Union. Elected governor in1859, Houston continued his campaign against sucession and when Texas voted for it, Houston refused to swear allegiance to the Confederacy and was removed from office.

[Edmund G. Ross] - On February 24, 1868, a resolution passed the House of Representatives favoring the impeachment of then President [Andrew Johnson]. In order to pass the Senate, the bill needed thirty-six votes. Thirty-six republicans was all it would take, but six of those Senators gave no indication as to the nature of their vote. One of these was Edmund Ross, Senator from Kansas. As the other six expressed willingness to go along, only Ross stood fast and "The full brunt of the struggle turned at last on the one remaining doubtful Senator, Edmund G. Ross." Although fellow Senators were in mass for a swift and unfair [An admittance of guilt|declaration of guilt], Ross proclaimed, "He shall have as fair a trial as an accused man ever had on this earth." He and his fellow hold-outs were scrutinized, pestered, warned, bribed, and threatened with political [ostracism] and assassination. But in the end, on May 16, 1868, it came down to only Ross's vote needed to convict the president and in a clear and unhesitating voice, Ross declared, "Not guilty." As Ross, later described it, "I almost literally looked down into my open grave. Freindships, position, fortune, everything...swept away." Courage indeed.

[Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar]- First a Congressman from Mississippi, then a brilliant career as an officer in the Civil War, an Ambassador to Russia, and then a Congressman again, Lamar campaigned for [amnesty] for former Confederates, elevating his popularity to such a peak that he was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1877. Lamar then became the [Secretary of the Interior] under [Grover Cleveland] and in 1888 was appointed to the [Supreme Court]. It was here that he courageously fought against the enlargement of the governments political power, particularly when it came to [civil rights]. Lamar's [legacy] however rests with his efforts to restore friendly relations between the North and the South after the war with obvious opposition from loyal proponents of both sides. He believed the South had to develop "normal" Federal-state relations and withdraw military rule. Likewise the North had to understand the South no longer desired to be the "[agitator]" and the constitutional guarantees of the South affected the [Ode to Liberty|liberty] of the people of the North as well. His courage to vote against the [Bland Silver Bill] brought him both commendation and assault, as true convictions against popular [consensus] usually does.

[George Norris]- First a Representative (1903-13), and then a Senator (1913-1943) from the state of Nebraska, Norris was a courageous Congressman always willing to battle the Party's "well-entrenched" leaders, as he did against House Speaker [Joe Cannon] in 1910. Norris also had first hand knowledge of poverty, having lost his father when he was only four, he was the source of strength and livelihood for his mother and ten sisters growing up in the farm lands of Ohio. This experience was the inspiration for his long [crusade] for public power ([TVA]), which he knew would bring low cost electricity to the people of the [Tennessee Valley]. Norris also fought tirelessly against the [Armed Ship Bill] which was a precursor to [WW I], and Norris was against all wars, having lost his older brother in the [Civil War]. From his desire to avoid the "twin tragedies of poverty and war", came courageous legislation and a dying conviction that, "I would rather go down to my political grave with a clear conscience, than ride in the chariot of victory."

[Robert A. Taft]- U.S. Senator from Ohio from 1939-1953; Taft sought the presidential nomination three times and came close in 1952, but was defeated by [Dwight Eisenhower]. Taft fought vigorously against [Franklin Roosevelt]'s [New Deal], which he believed was an assault on the Constitution. In [WW II], Taft opposed foreign aid to Britain and was lalbeled an "[isolationist]" and an "[obstructionist]." After the war, Taft was an early critic of the [Harry S. Truman|Truman Administration] and its "overseas commitments." Almost considered a traitor by many, Taft continued to oppose many "[Cold War]" measures and it was until after his death that he was finally "vindicated" and his policies seen as ways to "defend the country without destroying it, a way to be part of the world without running it." A policy that could use some consideration today.

In the end, Kennedy extols the virtues of courage which are frequently misunderstood. Those who enjoy the excitement of the battle, while "not realizing the implications or its consequences," are equally admired along with men as virtuous as [Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln] who believed, There are few things wholly evil or wholly good. Almost everything, especially of Government policy, is an inseperable compound of the two, so that our best judgement of the preponderance between them is continually demanded. As is Courage.

Sources:
Profiles in Courage, John F. Kennedy; Harper and Brothers, NewYork; 1955
http://hallmemoirs.com/historical/292.shtml
http://books.webwab.com/item_538367.htm
http://www.mpr.org/books/titles/ kennedy_profilesincourage.shtml
http://www.marshfield.net/History/webster. htm
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/d_h/houston.htm
http://www. olemiss.edu/campaign/lamar.htm
http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/ moser.html
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAnorris.htm

Profiles in Courage (thing)