The Second in a series of
debates between
Nixon and
Kennedy took place on
October 7, 1960, at
NBC studios in
Washington, DC.
The First Nixon-Kennedy Debate - The Third Nixon-Kennedy Debate
Mr. McGee. Good evening. This is Frank McGee, NBC News in Washington.
This is the second in a series of programs unmatched in history. Never have so many people seen the major candidates for
President of the
United States at the same time, and never until this series have
Americans seen the candidates in face-to-face exchange.
Tonight the candidates have agreed to devote the full hour to answering questions on any issue of the campaign, and here tonight are: the Republican candidate,
Vice President Richard M. Nixon, and the
Democratic candidate,
Senator John F. Kennedy.
Now, representatives of the candidates and of all the radio and television networks have agreed on these rules:
Neither candidate will make an opening statement or a closing summation;
Each will be questioned in turn.
Each will have an opportunity to comment upon the answer of the other.
Each reporter will ask only one question in turn. He is free to ask any question he chooses.
Neither candidate knows what questions will be asked and only the clock will determine who will be asked the last question.
These programs represent an unprecedented opportunity for the candidates to present their philosophies and programs directly to the people and for the people to compare these and the candidates.
The four reporters on tonight's panel include a newspaperman and a wire service representative. These two were selected by lot by the press secretaries of the candidates from among the reporters traveling with the candidates. The broadcasting representatives were selected by their respective companies. The reporters are:
Paul Niven of CBS. Edward P. Morgan of ABC. Alvin Spivak of United Press International, and Harold R. Levy of Newsday.
Now, the first question is from Mr. Niven and is for
Vice President Nixon.
MR. NIVEN. Mr.
Vice President,
Senator Kennedy said last night that the Administration must take responsibility for the loss of Cuba. Would you compare the validity of that statement with the validity of your own statements in previous campaigns that the Truman administration was responsible for the loss of
China to the Communists?
Mr. Nixon. Well, first of all, I don't agree with
Senator Kennedy that Cuba is lost and certainly
China was lost when this administration came into power in 1953. As I look at Cuba today, I believe that we are following the right course, a course which is difficult, but a course which under the circumstance is the only proper one which will see that the Cuban people get a chance to realize their aspirations of progress through freedom, and that they get that with our cooperation with the other Organ--of the states in the Organization of
American States.
Now,
Senator Kennedy has made some very strong criticisms of my part, or alleged part, in what has happened in Cuba.
He points to the fact that I visited Cuba while Mr. Batista was in power there. I can only point out that if we are going to judge the administrations in terms of our attitude toward dictators, we're glad to have a comparison with the previous administration. There were 11 dictators in
South America and in Central
America when we came in, in 1953. Today there are only 3 left including the one in Cuba.
We think that's pretty good progress.
Senator Kennedy also indicated with regard to Cuba that he thought that I had made a mistake when I was in Cuba in not calling for free elections in that
country.
Now I am very surprised that
Senator Kennedy, who is on the Foreign Relations Committee, would have made such a statement of this kind. As a matter of fact in his book, "The Strategy for Peace," he took the right position and that position is that the
United States has a treaty, a treaty with all of the Organization of
American States which prohibits us from interfering in the internal affairs of any other state and prohibits them as well. For me to have made such a statement would been in direct opposition to that treaty.
Now, with regard to Cuba, let me make one thing clear. There isn't any question but that we will defend our rights there. There isn't any question but that we will defend Guantanamo if it's attacked. There also isn't any question but that the free people of Cuba, the people who want to be free, are going to be supported and that they will attain their freedom.
No, Cuba is not lost, and I don't think this kind of defeatist talk by
Senator Kennedy helps the situation one bit.
Mr. McGee.
Senator Kennedy, would you care to comment?
Mr. Kennedy. In the first place I've never suggested that Cuba was lost except for the present. In my speech last night I indicated that I thought that Cuba one day again would be free. Where I have been critical of the administration's policy, and where I criticized
Mr. Nixon was because in his press conference in Havana in 1955 he praised the competence and stability of the dictat--Batista dictatorship.Tthat dictatorship had killed over20,000 Cubans in 7 years.
Secondly, I did not criticize him for not calling for free elections. What I criticized was the failure of the administration to use its great influence to persuade the Cuban
Government to hold free elections, particularly in 1957 and 1958.
Thirdly, Arthur Gardner, a Republican Ambassador; Earl Smith, a Republican Ambassador, in succession, both have indicated in the past 6 weeks that they reported to Washington that
Castro was a Marxist, that Raoul
Castro was a Communist, and that they got no effective results.
Instead, our aid continued to Batista, which was ineffective; we never were on the side of freedom; we never used our influence when we could have used it most effectively and today Cuba is lost to freedom.
I hope some day it will rise, but I don't think it will rise if we continue the same policies toward Cuba that we did in recent years and, in fact, towards all of Latin
America, when we've almost ignored the needs of Latin
America. We've beamed not a single Voice of
America program in Spanish to all of Latin
America in the last 8 years, except for the 3 months of the Hungarian revolution.
Mr. McGee. Mr. Morgan, with a question for
Senator Kennedy.
MR. MORGAN.
Senator, last May in Oregon you discussed the possibilities of sending apologies or regrets to Khrushchev over the U-2 incident.
Do you think now that that would have done any good? Did you think so then?
Mr. Kennedy. Mr. Morgan, I suggested that if the
United States felt that it could save the summit conference that it would have been proper for us to have expressed regrets. In my judgment, that statement has been distorted by
Mr. Nixon and others in their debates around the
country and in their discussions. Mr. Lodge, on "Meet the Press" a month ago said if there was ever a case when we did not have law an our side, it was in the U-2 incident. The U-2 flights were proper from the point of view of protecting our security, but they were not in accordance with international law, and I said that I felt that rather than tell the lie which we told, rather than indicate that the flights would continue--in fact, I believe
Mr. Nixon, himself, said on May 15 that the flights would continue, even though Mr. Herter testified before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee that they had been canceled as of May 12--that it would have been far better that if we had expressed regrets, if that would have saved the summit and if the summit is useful and I believe it is.
The point that is always left out is the fact that we expressed regrets to
Castro this winter, that we expressed regrets--the
Eisenhower administration expressed regrets for a flight over Southern Russia in 1958. We expressed regrets for a flight over Eastern Germany under this administration. The Soviet Union in 1955 expressed regrets to us over the Bering Sea incident. The Chinese Communists expressed regrets to us over a plane incident in 1956.
That is the accepted procedure between nations. And my judgment is that we should follow the advice of Theodore Roosevelt: "Be strong. Maintain a strong position, but also speak softly."
I believe that in those cases where international custom calls for the expression of a regret, if that would have kept the summit going, in my judgment it was a proper action. It's not appeasement. It's not soft. I believe we should be stronger than we now are. I believe we should have a stronger military force. I believe we should increase our strength all over the world.
But I don't confuse words with strength. And in my judgment if the summit was useful, if it would have brought us closer to peace, that rather than the lie that we told, which has been criticized by all responsible people afterwards, it would have been far better for us to follow the common diplomatic procedure of expressing regrets and then try to move on.
Mr. McGee. Mr.
Vice President.
Mr. Nixon. I think
Senator Kennedy is wrong on three counts. First of all, he's wrong in thinking or even suggesting that Mr. Khrushchev might have continued the conference if we had expressed regrets.
He knew these flights were going on long before and that wasn't the reason that he broke up the conference. Second, he's wrong in the analogies that he makes. The
United States is a strong
country. Whenever we do anything that's wrong, we can express regrets.
But when the
President of the
United States is doing something that's right, something that is for the purpose of defending the security of this
country against surprise attack, he can never express regrets or apologize to anybody, including Mr. Khrushchev.
Now, in that connection,
Senator Kennedy has criticized the
President on the ground not only of not expressing regrets but because he allowed this flight to take place while the summit conference, or immediately before the summit conference, occurred. This seems to me is criticism that again is wrong on his part.
We all remember
Pearl Harbor. We lost 3,000
American lives. We cannot afford an intelligence gap and I just want to make my position absolutely clear with regard to getting intelligence information. I don't intend to see to it that the
United States is ever in a position where, while we're negotiating with the Soviet Union, that we discontinue our intelligence effort. And I don't intend ever to express regrets to Mr. Khrushchev or anybody else if I'm doing something that has the support of the
Congress and that is right for the purpose of protecting the security of the
United States.
Mr. McGee. Mr. Spivak with a question for
Vice President Nixon.
MR. SPIVAK. Mr.
Vice President, you have accused
Senator Kennedy of avoiding the civil rights issue when he has been in the
South and he has accused you of the same thing.
With both
North and
South listening and watching, would you sum up your own intentions in the field of civil rights if you become
President?
Mr. Nixon. My intentions in the field of civil rights have been spelled out in the Republican platform. I think we have to make progress first in the field of employment and there we would give statutory authority to the Committee on
Government Contracts, which is an effective way of getting real progress made in this area, since about one out of every four jobs is held by and is allotted by people who have
Government contracts.
Certainly I think all of us agree that when anybody has a
Government contract, certainly the money that is spent under that contract ought to be disbursed equally without regard to the race or creed or color of the individual who is to be employed.
Second, in the field of schools, we believe that there should be provisions whereby the Federal
Government would give assistance to those districts who do want to integrate their schools. That of course was rejected as was the
Government contracts provision by the special session of the
Congress into--which
Mr. Kennedy was quite active.
And then, as far as other areas are concerned, I think that we have to look to
Presidential leadership.
Now, when I speak of
Presidential leadership, I refer, for example, to our attitude on the sit-in strikes. Here we have a situation which causes all of us concern, causes us concern because of the denial of the rights of people to the equality which we think belongs to everybody.
I have talked to Negro mothers. I have heard them explain, try to explain how they tell their children how they can go into a store and buy a loaf of bread, but then can't go into that store and sit at the counter and get a Coca Cola. This is wrong and we have to do something about it.
So, under the circumstances, what do we do? Well, what we do is what the Attorney General of the
United States did under the direction of the
President: Call in the owners of chainstores and get them to take action.
Now, there are other places where the Executive can lead, but let me just sum up by saying this: Why do I talk every time I'm in the
South on civil rights?
Not because I am preaching to the people of the South, because this isn't just a southern problem; it's a northern problem and a western problem, it's a problem for all of us. I do it because it's the responsibility of leadership. I do it because we have to solve this problem together.
I do it right at this time particularly because when we have Khrushchev in this
country, a man who has enslaved millions, a man who has slaughtered thousands, we cannot continue to have a situation where he can point the finger at the
United States of
America and say that we are denying rights to our citizens; and so I say both the candidates and both the
Vice Presidential candidates, I would hope, as well, including
Senator Johnson, should talk on this issue at every opportunity.
Mr. McGee.
Senator Kennedy.
Mr. Kennedy. Well,
Mr. Nixon hasn't discussed the two basic questions: What is going to be done and what will be his policy on implementing the Supreme Court decision of 1954? Giving aid to schools technically that are trying to carry out the decision is not the great question. Secondly, what's he going to do to provide fair employment? He's been the head of the Committee on
Government Contracts that's carried out two cases, both in the District of Columbia. He has not indicated his support of an attempt to provide fair employment practices around the
country, so that everyone can get a job regardless of their race or color. Nor has he indicated that he will support Title III, which would give the Attorney General additional powers to protect Constitutional rights.
These are the great questions. Equality of education in schools. About 2 percent of our population of white people is illiterate; 10 per cent of our colored population. Sixty to seventy percent of our colored children do not finish high school.
These are the questions and these areas that the
North and South, East and West are entitled to know what will be the leadership of the
President in these areas to provide equality of opportunity for employment, equality of opportunity in the field of housing, which could be done on all Federal supported housing by a stroke of the
President's pen.
What will be done to provide equality of education in all sections of the
United States? Those are the questions to which the
President must establish a moral tone and moral leadership. And I can assure you that if I'm elected
President we will do so.
Mr. McGee. Mr. Levy with a question for
Senator Kennedy.
MR. LEVY.
Senator, on the same subject, in the past you have emphasized the
President's responsibility as a moral leader as well as an executive on civil rights questions.
What specifically might the next
President do in the event of an occurrence such as Little Rock or the lunch-counter sit-ins? From the standpoint of--
Mr. Kennedy. Let me say that I think that the
President operates in a number of different areas. First, as a legislative leader, and as I just said I believe that the passage of the so-called Title III which gives the Attorney General the power to protect constitutional rights in those cases where it's not possible for the person involved to bring the suit. Secondly, as an executive leader. There have been only six cases brought by this Attorney General under the voting bill passed in 1957 and the voting bill passed in 1960. The right to vote is basic.
I do not believe that this Administration has implemented those bills which represent the will of the majority of the
Congress on two occasions with vigor.
Thirdly, I don't believe that the
Government Contracts Division is operated with vigor. Everyone who does business with the
Government should have the opportunity to make sure that they do not practice discrimination in their hiring, and that's in all sections of the
United States.
And then fourthly, as a moral leader. There is a very strong moral basis for this concept of equality before the law. Not only equality before the law, but also equality of opportunity. We are in a very difficult time. We need all the talent we can get. We sit on a conspicuous stage. We are a goldfish bowl before the world. We have to practice what we preach. We set a very high standard for ourselves.
The Communists do not. They set a low standard of materialism. We preach in the Declaration of Independence and in the Constitution, in the statements of our greatest leaders, we preach very high standards; and if we're not going to be charged before the world with hypocrisy, we have to meet those standards.
I believe the
President of the
United States should indicate that.
Now, lastly, I believe in the case of Little Rock. I would have hoped that the
President of the
United States would have been possible for him to indicate it clearly that the Supreme Court decision was going to be carried out. I would have hoped that it would have been possible to use marshals to do so, but evidently under the handling of the case it was not. I would hope an incident like that would not happen.
I think if the
President is responsible, if he consults with those involved, if he makes it clear that the Supreme Court decision is going to be carried out in a way that the Supreme Court planned, with deliberate speed, then in my judgment, providing he's behind action, I believe we can make progress. Now, the present administration, the
President has said, never indicated what he thought of the 1954 decision.
Unless the
President speaks then, of course the
country doesn't speak and Franklin Roosevelt said the Presidency of the
United States is above all a place of moral leadership and I believe on this great moral issue he should speak out and give his views clearly.
Mr. McGee. Mr.
Vice President.
Mr. Nixon.
Senator Kennedy has expressed some hopes in this field, hopes which I think all
Americans would share who want some progr--some progress in this area. But let's look at the performance. When he selected his
Vice Presidential running mate, he selected a man who had voted against most of these proposals and a man who opposes them at the present time.
Let me look also at what I did. I selected a man who stands with me in this field and who will talk with me and work with me on it.
Now, the
Senator referred to the Committee on
Government Contracts. And yet that very committee of which I am chairman has been handicapped by the fact that we have not had adequate funds, we have not had adequate powers, we haven't had an adequate staff.
Now, in the special session of
Congress and also in the session that preceded it, the
Democratic Congress, in which there's a 2-to-1
Democratic majority, was asked by the
President to give us the funds and give us the power to do a job and they did nothing at all and in the special session in which
Senator Kennedy was calling the signals along with
Senator Johnson, they turned it down and he himself voted against giving us the powers, despite the fact that the bill had already been considered before, that had already had hearings on and the
Congress already knew what it had before it.
All that I can say is this: What we need here are not just high hopes; what we need is action, and in the field of Executive leadership, I can say that I believe it's essential that the
President of the
United States not only set the tone but he also must lead. He must act as he talks.
Mr. McGee. Mr. Morgan with a question for
Vice President Nixon.
MR. MORGAN. Mr.
Vice President, in your speeches you emphasize that the
United States is doing basically well in the cold war.
Can you square that statement with a considerable mass of bipartisan reports and studies, including one prominently participated in by Governor Rockefeller, which almost unanimously conclude that we are not doing nearly so well as we should?
Mr. Nixon. Mr. Morgan, no matter how well we're doing in the cold war, we're not doing as well as we should, and that will always be the case as long as the Communists are on the international scene, and the aggressive tract--tendencies that they presently are following.
Now, as far as the present situation is concerned, I think it's time that we nail a few of these distortions about the
United States that have been put out.
First of all, we hear that our prestige is at an alltime low.
Senator Kennedy has been hitting that point over and over again. I would suggest that after Premier Khrushchev's performance in the United Nations, compared with
President Eisenhower's eloquent speech, that at the present time Communist prestige in the world is at an alltime low, and
American prestige is at an alltime high.
Now that, of course, is just one factor, but it's a significant one.
When we look, for example, at the vote on the Congo, we were on one side; they were on the other side. What happened? There were 70 votes for our position and none for theirs.
Look at the votes in the United Nations over the past 7 1/2 years. That's a test of prestige. Every time the
United States has been an one side and they have been on the other side, our position has been sustained.
Now, looking to what we ought to do in the future: In this cold war, we have to recognize where it is being fought and then we have to develop programs to deal with it. It's being fought primarily in Asia, in Africa, and in Latin
America.
What do we need? What tools do we need to fight it? Well, we need, for example, economic assistance. We need technical assistance, we need exchange, we need programs of diplomatic and other character which will be effective in that area.
Now
Senator Kennedy a moment ago referred to the fact that there was not an adequate "Voice of
America" program for Latin
America. I'd like to point out that in the last 6 years, the
Democratic Congresses, of which he'd been a Member, have cut $20 million off of the "Voice of
America" programs. They also have cut $4 billion off of mutual security in these last 6 years. They also have cut $2 billion off of defense.
Now when they talk about our record here, it is well that they recognize that they have to stand up for their record as well. So let me summarize by saying this: I'm not satisfied with what we're doing in the cold war because I believe we have to step up our activities and launch an offensive for the minds and hearts and souls of men. It must be economic, it must be technological, above all it must be ideological. But we've got to get help from the
Congress in order to do this.
Mr. McGee.
Senator Kennedy.
Mr. Kennedy. Of course
Mr. Nixon is wholly inaccurate when he says that the
Congress has not provided more funds in fact than the
President recommended for national defense.
In 1953 we tried to put an appropriation of $5 billion for our defenses. I was responsible for the amendment with
Senator Monroney in 1954 to strengthen our ground forces. The
Congress of the
United States appropriated $677 million more than the
President was willing to use, up till a week ago.
Secondly, on the question of our position in the United Nations. We all know about the vote held this week of the five neutralists, and it was generally regarded as a defeat for the
United States.
Thirdly, in 1952, there were only seven votes in favor of the admission of
Red China into the United Nations. Last year there were29. Aand tomorrow when the preliminary vote is held, you will see a strengthening of that position or very closely to it.
We have not maintained our position and our prestige. A Gallup Poll taken in February of this year asking in eight out of nine countries--they asked the people, who do they think would be ahead by 1970, militarily and scientifically, and a majority in eight of the nine countries said the Soviet Union would be by 1970.
Governor Rockefeller has been far more critical in June of our position in the world than I have been. The Rockefeller brothers, report, General Ridgway, General Gavin, the Gaither Report, various reports of
Congressional committees, all indicate that the relative strength of the
United States both militarily, politically, psychologically, and scientifically, and industrially, the relative strength of the Sov--
United States compared to that of the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communists together, has deteriorated in the last 8 years and we should know it, and the
American people should be told the facts.
Mr. McGee. Mr. Spivak with a question for
Senator Kennedy.
MR. SPIVAK.
Senator, following this up, how would you go about increasing the prestige you say we're losing and could the programs you've devised to do so be accomplished without absolutely wrecking our economy?
Mr. Kennedy. Yes; we have been wholly indifferent to Latin
America until the last few months. The program that was put forward this summer, after we broke off the sugar quota with Cuba, really was done because we wanted to get through the OAS meeting a condemnation of Russian infiltration of Cuba and, therefore, we passed an authorization, not an aid bill, which was the first time really since the Inter-
American Bank, which was founded a year ago, was developed, that we really have looked at the needs of Latin
America, that we have associated ourselves with those people.
Secondly, I believe that in the ca--that it's far better for the
United States, instead of concentrating our aid particularly in the underdeveloped world on surplus military equipment, we poured $300 million of surplus military equipment into Laos.
We paid more military aid, more aid into Laos per person than in any
country in the world, and we ought to know now that Laos is moving from neutralism in the direction of the Communists. I believe instead of doing that we should concentrate our aid in long-term loans, which these people can pay back either in hard money or in local currency.
This permits them to maintain their self-respect. It permits us to make sure that the projects which are invested in are going to produce greater wealth, and I believe that in cases of India and Africa and Latin
America, that this is where our emphasis should be.
I would strengthen the Development Loan Fund, and
Senator Fulbright,
Senator Humphrey and I tried to do that. We tried to provide an appropriation of a billion and a half for 5 years, on a longterm loan basis, which this administration opposed. And, unless we are ready to carry out programs like that in the '60's, this battle for economic survival which these people are waging are going to be lost, and if India should lose her battle, with 35 percent of the people of the underdeveloped world within her borders, then I believe that the balance of power could move against us. I think the
United States can afford to do these things. I think that we could not afford not to do these things.
This goes to our survival and here in a
country which, if it is moving ahead, if it's developing its economy to the fullest, which we are not now, in my judgment, we'll have the resources to meet our military commitment and also our commitments overseas.
I believe it's essential that we do it because in the next 10 years the balance of power is going to begin to move in the world from one direction or another towards us or towards the Communists and unless we begin to identify ourselves not only with the anti-Communist fight, but also with the fight against poverty and hunger, these people are going to begin to turn to the Communists as an example.
I believe we can do it. If we build our economy the way we should, we can afford to do these things and we must do it.
Mr. McGee. Mr.
Vice President.
Mr. Nixon.
Senator Kennedy has put a great deal of stress on the necessity for economic assistance. This is important. But it's also tremendously important to bear in mind that when you pour in money without pouring in technical assistance at as well, that you have a disastrous situation. We need to step up exchange; we need to step up technical assistance so that trained people in these newly developing countries can operate the economies. We also have to have in mind something else with regard to this whole situation in the world, and that is that as
America moves forward, we not only must think in terms of fighting communism, but we must also think primarily in terms of the interests of these countries. We must associate ourselves with their aspirations. We must let them know that the great
American ideals of independence, of the right of people to be free, and of the right to progress, that these are ideals that belong not to ourselves alone, but they belong to everybody. This we must get across to the world. And we can't do it unless we do have adequate funds for, for example, information, which has been cut by the
Congress; adequate funds for technical assistance.
The other point that I would make with regard to economic assistance and technical assistance is that the
United States must not rest its case here alone.
This is primarily an ideological battle, a battle for the minds and the hearts and the souls of men. We must not meet the Communists purely in the field of gross atheistic materialism. We must stand for our ideals.
Mr. McGee. Mr. Levy with a question for
Vice President Nixon.
MR. LEVY. Mr.
Vice President, the Labor Department today added five more major industrial centers to the list of areas with substantial unemployment.
You said in New York this week that as
President, you would use the full powers of the
Government, if necessary, to combat unemployment.
Specifically, what measures would you advocate and at what point?
Mr. Nixon. To combat unemployment, we first must concentrate on the very areas to which you refer, the so-called depressed areas.
Now, in the last
Congress, the special session of the
Congress, there was a bill, one by the
President, one by
Senator Kennedy and members of his party. Now, the bill that the
President had submitted would have provided more aid for those areas that really need it, areas like Scranton and Wilkes-Barre, and the areas of West Virginia, than the ones that
Senator Kennedy was supporting.
On the other hand, we found that the bill got into the legislative difficulties, and consequently, no action was taken. So point one: At the highest priority, we must get a bill for depressed areas through the next
Congress.
I have made recommendations on that and I have discussed them previously and I will spell them out further in the campaign.
Second, as we consider this problem of unemployment, we have to realize where it is. In analyzing the figures, we will find that our unemployment exists among the older citizens. It exists also among those who are inadequately trained. That is, those who do not have an adequate opportunity for education. It also exists among minority groups. If we're going to combat unemployment then, we have to do a better job in these areas.That's why I have a program for education, a program in the case of equal job opportunities, and one that would also deal with our older citizens.
Now, finally, with regard to the whole problem of combating recession, as you call it, we must use the full resources of the
Government in these respects: One, we must see to it that credit is expanded as we go into any recessionary period--and understand, I do not believe we're going into a recession.
I believe this economy is sound and that we're going to move up.
But second, in addition to that, if we do get into a recessionary period, we should move on that part of the economy which is represented by the private sector, and I mean stimulate that part of the economy that can create jobs--the private sector of the economy.
This means through tax reform, and if necessary tax cuts that will stimulate more jobs.
I favor that rather than massive Federal spending programs which will come into effect usually long after you've passed through the recessionary period.
So we must use all of these weapons for the purpose of combating recession if it should come. But I do not expect it to come.
Mr. McGee.
Senator Kennedy.
Mr. Kennedy. Well
Mr. Nixon has stated the record inaccurately in regard to the depressed area bill. I'm very familiar with it; It came out of the committee of which I was the chairman, the Labor Subcommittee, in '55. I was the floor manager.
We passed an area redevelopment bill far more effective than the bill the administration suggested on two occasions, and the
President vetoed it both times. We passed a bill again this year in the Cong-- in the Senate and it died in the Rules Committee of the House of Representatives.
Let me make it very clear that the bill that
Mr. Nixon talked about did not mention Wilkes-Barre or Scranton; it did not mention West Virginia. Our bill was far more effective. The bill introduced and sponsored by
Senator Douglas was far more effective in trying to stimulate the economy of those areas.
Secondly, he has mentioned the problem of our older citizens. I cannot still understand why this dministration and
Mr. Nixon oppose putting medical care for the aged under social security to give them some security.
Third, I believe we should step up the use of our surplus foods in these areas until we're able to get the people back to work. Five cents a day is what the food package averages per person.
Fourthly, I believe we should stimulate the economy. I believe we should not carry out a hard money, high interest rate policy which helped intensify certainly the recession of 1958 and I think help brings the slowdown of 1960. If we move into a recession in 1961, then I would agree that we have to put more money into the economy and it can be done by either one of the two methods discussed, one is by a program such as aid to education. The other would be to make a judgment on what's the most effective tax program to stimulate our economy.
Mr. McGee. Mr. Niven with a question for
Senator Kennedy.
MR. NIVEN.
Senator, while the main theme of your campaign has been this decline of
American power and prestige in the last 8 years, you've hardly criticized
President Eisenhower at all. In a speech last weekend you said you had no quarrel with the
President.
Now isn't Mr.
Eisenhower and not
Mr. Nixon responsible for any such decline?
Mr. Kennedy. Well, I understood that this was the
Eisenhower-Nixon administration according to all the Republican
propaganda that I have read. The question is what we're going to do in the future. I've been critical of this administration and I've been critical of the
President. In fact,
Mr. Nixon discussed that a week ago in a speech. I believe that our power and prestige in the last 8 years has declined.
Now, what is--the issue is what we're going to do in the future. Now, that's an issue between
Mr. Nixon and myself. He feels that we're moving ahead in a-- we're not going into a recession in this
country, economically; he feels that our power and prestige is stronger than it ever was relative to that of the Communists, that we're moving ahead. I disagree, and I believe the
American people have to make the choice on November 8th between the view of whether we have to move ahead faster; whether what we're doing now is not satisfactory; whether we have to build greater strength at home and abroad, and
Mr. Nixon's view. That's the great issue.
President Eisenhower moves from the scene on January 20 and the next 4 years are the critical years. And that's the debate, that's the argument between
Mr. Nixon and myself and on that issue the
American people have to make their judgment, and I think it's a important judgment. I think in many ways this election is more important than any since 1932, or certainly almost any in this century, because we disagree very fundamentally on the position of the
United States and if his view prevails, then I think that's going to bring an important result to this
country in the '60's.
If our view prevails that we have to do more, that we have to make a greater national and international effort, that we have lost prestige in Latin
America.
The
President of Brazil, the new incumbent running for office, called on
Castro during his campaign because he thought it was important to get the vote of those who were supporting
Castro in Latin
America.
In Africa--the
United States has ignored Latin A--Africa. We gave more scholarships to the Congo this summer, we offered them, than we've given to all of Africa the year before--less than 200 for all the countries of Africa--and they need trained leadership more than anything.
We've been having a very clear decision in the last 8 years.
Mr. Nixon has been part of that administration. He has had experience in it, and I believe this administration has not met its responsibilities in the last 8 years; that our power relative to that of the Communists is declining; that we're facing a very hazardous time in the '60's, and unless the
United States begin to move here, unless we start to go ahead, I don't believe that we're going to meet our responsibility to our own people or to the cause of freedom. I think the choice is clear and it involves the future.
Mr. McGee. Mr.
Vice President.
Mr. Nixon. Well, first of all I think
Senator Kennedy should make up his mind with regard to my responsibility. In our first debate he indicated that I had not had experience or at least had not participated significantly in the making of the decisions. I am glad to hear tonight that he does suggest that I have had some experience.
Let me make my position cl ear. I have participated in the discussions leading to the decisions in this administration. I am proud of the record of this administration. I don't stand on it because it isn't something to stand on but something to build on.
Now, looking at
Senator Kennedy's credentials, he is suggesting that he will move
America faster and further than I will, but what does he offer? He offers retreads of programs that failed.
I submit to you that as you look at his programs--his program, for example, with regard to the Federal Reserve and free money, or loose money; high--low interest rates; his program in the economic field generally--are the programs that were adopted and tried during the Truman administration. And when we compare the economic progress of this
country in the Truman administration with that of the
Eisenhower administration, we find that in every index there has been a great deal more performance and more progress in this administration than in that one.
I say the programs and the leadership that failed then is not the program and the leadership that
America needs now. I say that the
American people don't want to go back to those policies. And incidentally, if
Senator Kennedy disagrees, he should indicate where he believes those policies are different from those he's advocating today.
Mr. McGee. Mr. Spivak with a question for
Vice President Nixon.
MR. SPIVAK. Mr.
Vice President, according to news dispatches, Soviet Premier Khrushchev said today that Prime Minister Macmillan had assured him that there would be a summit conference next year after the
Presidential elections.
Have you given any cause for such assurance, and do you consider it desirable or even possible that there would be a summit conference next year if Mr. Khrushchev persists in the conditions he's laid down?
Mr. Nixon. No, of course, I haven't talked to Prime Minister Macmillan. It would not be appropriate for me to do so. The
President is still going to be
President for the next 4 months and he, of course, is the only one who could commit this
country in this period.
As far as a summit conference is concerned, I want to make my position absolutely clear. I would be willing as
President to meet with Mr. Khrushchev, or any other world leader if it would serve the cause of peace. I would not be able--be willing to meet with him, however, unless there were preparations for that conference which would give us some reasonable certainty, some reasonable certainty that you were going to have some success. We must not build up the hopes of the world and then dash them as was the case in Paris.
There, Mr. Khrushchev came to that conference determined to break it up. He was going to break it up because he knew that he wasn't going to get his way on Berlin and on the other key matters with which he was concerned at the Paris Conference.
Now, if we're going to have another summit conference, there must be negotiations at the diplomatic level - the ambassadors, the Secretaries of State, and others at that level - prior to that time, which will delineate the issues and which will prepare the way for the heads of state to meet and make some progress. Otherwise, if we find the heads of state meeting and not making progress, we will find that the cause of peace will have been hurt rather than helped. So under these circumstances, I, therefore, strongly urge and I will strongly hold, if I have the opportunity to urge or to hold - this position: that any summit conference would be gone into only after the most careful preparation and only after Mr. Khrushchev - after his disgraceful conduct at Paris, after his disgraceful conduct at the United Nations - gave some assurance that he really wanted to sit down and talk and to accomplish something and not just to make
propaganda.
Mr. McGee.
Senator Kennedy.
Mr. Kennedy. I have no disagreement with the
Vice President's position on that.My view is the same as his.
Let me say there is only one point I would add: That, before we go into the summit, before we ever meet again, I think it's important that the
United States build its strength, that it build its military strength, as well as its own economic strength.
If we negotiate from a position where the power balance or wave is moving away from us, it's extremely difficult to reach a successful decision on Berlin, as well as the other questions.
Now, the next
President of the
United States, in his first year, is going to be confronted with a very serious question on our defense of Berlin. Our commitment to Berlin. There's going to be a test of our nerve and will. There's going to be a test of our strength and because we're going to move in 61 and 62, partly because we have not maintained our strength with sufficient vigor in the last years, I believe that before we meet that crisis that the next
President of the
United States should send a message to
Congress asking for revitalization of our military strength because come spring or late in the winter, we're going to be face to face with the most serious Berlin crisis since l949 or 50.
On the question of the summit, I agree with the position of
Mr. Nixon. I would not meet Mr. Khrushchev unless there were some agreements at the secondary level, foreign ministers or ambassadors, which would indicate that the meeting would have some hope of success or a useful exchange of ideas.
Mr. McGee. Mr. Levy with a question for
Senator Kennedy.
MR. LEVY.
Senator, in your acceptance speech at Los Angeles, you said that your campaign would be based not on what you intend to offer the
American people, but what you intend to ask of them.
Since that time you have spelled out many of the things that you intend to do; but you have made only vague reference to sacrifice and self-denial.
A year or so ago I believe you said that you would not hesitate to recommend a tax increase if you considered it necessary.
Is this what you have in mind?
Mr. Kennedy. Well, I don't think that in the winter of 61 under present economic conditions, it--a tax increase would be desirable. In fact, it would be deflationary; it would cause great unemployment; it would cause a real slow-down in our economy. If it ever becomes necessary and is wise economically and essential to our security, I would have no hesitancy in suggesting a tax increase, or any other policy which would defend the
United States. I have talked in every speech about the fact that these are going to be very difficult times in the 1960's and that we're going to have to meet our responsibility as citizens. I'm talking about a national mood. I'm talking about our willingness to bear any burdens in order to maintain our own freedom and in order to meet our freedom around the globe. We don't know what the future is going to bring but I would not want anyone to elect me
President of the
United States or vote for me under the expectation that life would be easy if I were elected.
Now, many of the programs that I'm talking about--economic growth, care for the aged, development of our natural resources--build the strength of the
United States. That's how the
United States began to prepare for its great actions in World War II and in the postwar period. If we're moving ahead, if we're providing a viable economy, if our people have sufficient resources so that they can consume what we produce, then this
country is on the move. Then we're stronger. Then we set a better example to the world. So we have the problem not only of building our own military strength and extending our policies abroad, we have to do a job here at home. So I believe that the policies that I recommend come under the general heading of strengthening the
United States. We're using our steel capacity 55 percent today. We're not able to consume what we're able to produce at a time when the Soviet Union is making great economic gains. And all I say is, I don't know what the sixties will bring except, I think they will bring hard times in the international sphere; I hope we can move ahead here at home in the
United States; I'm confident we can do a far better job of mobilizing our economy and resources in the
United States. And I merely say that they--if they elect me
President, I will do my best to carry the
United States through a difficult period but I would not want people to elect me because I promise them the easy soft life. I think it's going to be difficult but I am confident that this
country can meet its responsibilities.
Mr. McGee. Mr.
Vice President.
Mr. Nixon. Well I think we should be under no illusions whatever about what the responsibilities of the
American people will be in the sixties. Our expenditures for defense, our expenditures for mutual security, our expenditures for economic assistance and technical assistance are not going to get less. In my opinion, they're going to be be greater. I think it may be necessary that we have more taxes. I hope not. I hope we can economize elsewhere so that we don't have to. But I would have no hesitation to ask the
American people to pay the taxes even in l961, if necessary, to maintain a sound economy and also to maintain a sound dollar. Because when you do not tax and tax enough to pay for your outgo, you pay it many times over in higher prices in inflation and I simply will not do that.
I think I should also add that as far as
Senator Kennedy's proposals are concerned, if he intends to carry out his platform, the one adopted in Los Angeles, it is just impossible for him to make good on those promises without raising taxes or without having a rise in prices, or both. The platform suggests that it can be done through economic growth. That it can be done in effect with mirrors. But it isn't going to be working that way. You can't add billions of dollars to our expenditures and not pay for it. After all it isn't paid for by my money, it isn't paid for by his but by the people's money.
Mr. McGee. Mr. Niven with a question for
Vice President Nixon.
MR. NIVEN. Mr.
Vice President, you said that while Mr. Khrushchev is here,
Senator Kennedy should talk about what's right with this
country as well as what's wrong with the
country. In the 1952 campaign when you were a Republican candidate for
Vice President, and we were at war with the Communists, did you feel a similar responsibility to about what was right with the
country?
Mr. Nixon. I did. And as I have pointed out in 1952 I made it very clear that as far as the Korean War was concerned, that I felt that the decision to go into the war in Korea was right, and necessary. What I criticized were the policies that made it necessary to go to Korea. Now incidentally, I should point out here that
Senator Kennedy has attacked our foreign policy, he's said that it's been a policy that has led to defeat and retreat and I'd like to know where have we been defeated and where have we retreated?
In the Truman administration 600 million people went behind the Iron Curtain, including the satellite countries of Eastern Europe and Communist
China. In this administration we've stopped them at
Quemoy and
Matsu; we've stopped them in Indo
China, we've stopped them in Lebanon, we've stopped them in other parts of the world.
I would also like to point out that as far as
Senator Kennedy's comments are concerned, I think he has a perfect right and a responsibility to criticize this administration whenever he thinks we're wrong; but he has a responsibility to be accurate and not to misstate the case.
I don't think he should say that our prestige is at an all-time low. I think this is very harmful at a time Mr. Khrushchev is here, harmful because it's wrong. I don't think it was helpful when he suggested--and I'm glad he's corrected this to an extent--that 17 million people go to bed hungry every night in the
United States. Now this just wasn't true. Now, there are people who go to bed hungry in the
United States. Far less, incidentally, than used to go to bed hungry when we came into power at the end of the Truman administration, but the thing that is right about the
United States that should be emphasized is that less people go to bed hungry in the
United States than in any major
country in the world.
We're the best fed; we're the best clothed, with a better distribution of this world's goods to all of our people than any people in history.
Now, in pointing out the things that are wrong, I think we ought to emphasize
America's strengths. It isn't necessary to run
America down in order to build it up.
Now, just so that we get it absolutely clear,
Senator Kennedy must as a candidate, as I, as a candidate in 52, criticize us when we're wrong, and he's doing a very effective job of that, in his way.
But on the other hand, he has a responsibility to be accurate. And I have a responsibility to correct him every time he misstates the case.And I intend to continue to do so.
Mr. McGee.
Senator Kennedy.
Mr. Kennedy. Well,
Mr. Nixon, I'll just give you the testimony of Mr. George Aiken,
Senator George Aiken, the ranking minority member--Republican member, and former chairman of the Senate Agricultural Committee, testifying in 1959 said there were 26 million
Americans who did not have the income to afford a decent diet. Mr. Benson, testifying on the food stamp plan in 1957, said there were 25 million
Americans who could not afford a elementary low-cost diet, and he defined that as someone who uses beans in place of meat.
Now, I've seen a good many hundreds of thousands of people who are not adequately fed. You can't tell me that a surplus food distribution of five cents per person, and that nearly 6 million
Americans receiving that, is adequate. You can't tell me that any one who uses beans instead of meat in the
United States, and there are 25 million of them according to Mr. Benson, is well fed or adequately fed. I believe that we should not compare what our figures may be to India or some other
country that has serious problems, but to remember that we are the most prosperous
country in the world and that these people are not getting adequate food, and they're not getting in many cases adequate shelter, and we ought to try to meet the problem.
Secondly,
Mr. Nixon has continued to state, and he stated it last week, these fantastic figures of what the
Democratic budget--platform would cost. They're wholly inaccurate. I said last week I believed in a balanced budget. AndUnless there was a severe recession and after all the worst unbalanced budget in history was in 1958, $12 billion dollars larger than in any administration in the history of the
United States. So that I believe that on this subject we can balance the budget unless we have a national emergency or unless we have a severe recession.
Mr. McGee. Mr. Morgan with a question for
Senator Kennedy.
MR. MORGAN.
Senator, Saturday on television you said that you had always thought that
Quemoy and
Matsu were unwise places to draw our defense line in the Far East.
Would you comment further on that and also address to this question; couldn't a pullback from those islands be interpreted as appeasement?
Mr. Kennedy. Well, the
United States has on occasion attempted mostly in the middle fifties, to persuade Chiang Kai-shek to pull his troops back to
Formosa. I believe strongly in the defense of
Formosa. These islands are a few miles, 5 or 6 miles off the coast of
Red China, within a general harbor area, and more than a 100 miles from
Formosa. We have never said flatly that we will defend
Quemoy and
Matsu if it's attacked. We say we will defend it if it's part of a general attack on
Formosa. But it's extremely difficult to make that judgment.
Now, Mr. Herter in 1958, when he was Under Secretary of State, said they were strategically undefensible. Admirals Spruance and Collins in 1955 said that we should not attempt to defend these islands, in their conference in the Far East.
General Ridgway has said the same thing. I believe that when you get intowar- if you're going to get into a war for the defense of
Formosa, it ought to be on a clearly defined line.
One of the problems, I think, at the time of
Souh Korea, was the question of whether the
United States would defend it if it were attacked. I believe that we should defend
Formosa; we should come to its defense. To leave this rather in the air-- that we will defend it under some conditions but not under others--I think is a mistake.
Secondly, I would not suggest the withdrawal at the point of the Communist gun. It is a decision finally that the Nationalists should make and I believe that we should consult with them and attempt to work out a plan by which the line is drawn at the island of
Formosa. It leaves 100 miles between the sea. But with General Ridgway, Mr. Herter, General Collins, Admiral Spruance, and many others, I think it's unwise to take the chance of being dragged into a war which may lead to a world war over two islands which are not strategically defensible; which are not, according to their testimony, essential to the defense of
Formosa.
I think that we should protect our commitments. I believe strongly we should do so in Berlin. I believe strongly we should do so in
Formosa and I believe we should meet our commitments to every
country whose security we've guaranteed, but I do not believe that that line, in case of war, should be drawn on those islands but instead on the island of
Formosa, and as long as they are not essential to the defense of
Formosa, it's been my judgment ever since 1954, at the time of the
Eisenhower Doctrine for the Far East, that our line should be drawn in the sea around the island itself.
Mr. McGee. Mr.
Vice President.
Mr. Nixon. I disagree completely with
Senator Kennedy on this point.
I remember in the period immediately before the Korean War,
Souh Korea was supposed to be indefensible as well. Generals testified to tha, and Secretary Acheson made a very famous speech at the Press Club, early in the year that Korean War started, indicating in effect that
Souh Korea was beyond the defense zone of the
United States.
I suppose it was hoped when he made that speech that we wouldn't get into a war, but it didn't mean that. We had to go in when they came in.
Now, I think as far as
Quemoy and
Matsu are concerned, that the question is not these two little pieces of real estate; they are unimportant. It isn't the few people who live on them; they are not too important. It's the principle involved. These two islands are in the area of freedom. The Nationalists have these two islands. We should not force our Nationalist allies to get off of them and give them to the Communists. If we do that, we start a chain reaction because the Communists aren't after
Quemoy and
Matsu; they are after
Formosa.
In my opinion, this is the same kind of woolly thinking that led to disaster for
America in Korea. I am against it. I would never tolerate it as
President of the
United States and I will hope that
Senator Kennedy will change his mind if he should be elected.
Mr. McGee. Gentlemen, we have approximately four minutes remaining. May I ask you to make your questions and answers as brief as possible, consistent with clarity.
And Mr. Levy has a question for
Vice President Nixon.
MR. LEVY. Mr.
Vice President, you are urging voters to forget party labels and vote for the man.
Senator Kennedy says that in doing this you are trying to run away from your party on such issues as housing and aid to education by advocating what he calls a "me-too" program. Why do you say that party labels are not important?
Mr. Nixon. Because that's the way we elect a
President in this
country and it's the way we should. I am a student of history as is
Senator Kennedy, incidentally; and I have found that in the history of this
country we've had many great
Presidents. Some of them have been
Democrats; and some of them have been Republicans. The people some way have always understood that, at a particular time, a certain man was the one the
country needed.
Now, I believe that in an election when we are trying to determine who should lead the free world--not just
America-- perhaps, as
Senator Kennedy has already indicated, the most important election in our history, it isn't the label that he wears or that I wear that count;. It's what we are. It's our whole lives. It's what we stand for. It's what we believe.
And consequently, I don't think it's enough to go before Republican audiences and I never do, and say, "Look, vote for me because I am a Republican." I don't think it's enough for
Senator Kennedy to go before the audiences on the
Democratic side and say, "Vote for me because I am a
Democrat."
That isn't enough. What's involved here is the question of leadership for the whole free world.
Now that means the best leadership. It may be Republican; it may be
Democratic, but the people are the ones that determine it. The people have to make up their minds. And I believe the people, therefore, should be asked to make up their minds not simply on the basis of, "Vote the way your grandfather did,""vote the way your mother did."
I think the people should put
America first, rather than party first.
Now, as far as running away from my party is concerned,
Senator Kennedy has said that we have no compassion for the poor, that we are against progress--the "enemies of progress," is the term that he's used--and the like.
All that I can say is this: We do have programs in all of these fields, education, housing, defense, that will move
America forward. They will move her forward faster, and they will move her more surely than his program. This is what I deeply believe. I am sure he believes just as deeply that his will move that way. I suggest, however, that in the interest of fairness, that he could give me the benefit of also believing as he believes.
Mr. McGee.
Senator Kennedy.
(continued in next writeup)