Cattle are relativly new to the domestic animal scene, only showing up around 6,500 B.C. By this time dogs, pigs, and sheep had already been domesticated. Most modern cattle are descended from the species auroch, and are used for their meat ('beef'), milk, and leather. In common usage cattle are usually referred to as cows, although technically 'cow' refers to only the female of the species. The male is a bull, and the young a calf.
This is an incomplete list of cattle breeds, and it will be quite a while before they are all noded--I do not plan on doing all of it myself. Feel free to chip in.
Beef Cattle
Ankole Watusi
Angus
Amerifax
Barzona
Beefalo
Beefmaster
Belgian Blue
Belted Galloway
Braford
Brahman
Brangus
Braunvieh
British White
Blonde D'Aquitaine
Cash
Charolais
Chianina
Corriente
Devon
Dexter
Galloway
Gelbvieh
Hereford (including Polled Hereford)
Piedmontese
Limousin
Maine-Anjou
Marchigiana
Murray Grey
N'Dama
Normande
Norwegian Red
Pinzgauer
Red Angus
Red Brangus
Red Polled
Romagnola
RX3
Salers
Santa Gertrudis
Senepol
Scotch Highland
Shorthorn
Simbrah
Simmental, Simmertaler or German Fleckvieh
South Devon
Tarentaise
Texas Longhorn
Wagyu
White Park
Zebu
Dairy Cattle
Ayrshire
Brown Swiss
Canadienne
Dutch Belted
Guernsey
Holstein (Holstein-Friesian)
Jersey
Kerry
Milking Devon
Milking Shorthorn
Norwegian Red
http://ops.agsci.colostate.edu/~scomstoc/breeds.html
http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/cattle/
http://www.cattlepages.com/listings.asp<*>