Henri Fayol was an
industrialist of the early twentieth century. He developed fourteen principles of
management that are still taught today. The
definition of management is taken as "The process of
coordinating and
integrating work activities so that they are completed
efficiently and
effectively with and through other people." The principles are the
universal truths of management that can be taught.
- Division of work. This principle is the same as Adam Smith's 'division of labour'. Specialisation increases output by making employees more efficient.
- Authority. Managers must be able to give orders. Authority gives them this right. Note that responsibility arises wherever authority is exercised.
- Discipline. Employees must obey and respect the rules that govern the organisation. Good discipline is the result of effective leadership, a clear understanding between management and workers regarding the organisation's rules, and the judicious use of penalties for infractions of the rules.
- Unity of command. Every employee should receive orders from only one superior.
- Unity of direction. Each group of organisational activities that have the same objective should be directed by one manager using one plan.
- Subordination of individual interests to the general interest. The interests of any one employee or group of employees should not take precedence over the interests of the organisation as a whole.
- Remuneration. Workers must be paid a fair wage for their services.
- Centralisation. Centralisation refers to the degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making. Whether decision making is centralised (to management) or decentralised (to subordinates) is a question of proper proportion. The task is to find the optimum degree of centralisation for each situation.
- Scalar chain. The line of authority from top management to the lowest ranks represents the scalar chain. Communications should follow this chain. However, if following the chain creates delays, cross-communications can be allowed if agreed to by all parties and superiors are kept informed.
- Order. People and materials should be in the right place at the right time.
- Equity. Managers should be kind and fair to their subordinates.
- Stability of tenure of personnel. High employee turnover is inefficient. Management should provide orderly personnel planning and ensure that replacements are available to fill vacancies.
- Initiative. Employees who are allowed to originate and carry out plans will exert high levels of effort.
- Esprit de corps. Promoting team spirit will build harmony and unity within the organisation.
Source: Robbins, et al. (2000) Management. Prentice Hall, Australia.