Ludwig van Beethoven's Fifth Symphony in C-minor, opus 67 has four movements:

1. Allegro con brio, running time 7:14
2. Andante con moto - Piu moto, running time 10:01
3. Allegro, running time 4:55
4. Allegro - Presto, running time 8:57

Beethoven's Fifth Symphony includes what is perhaps the most well-known four notes in music at its opening: three quick Gs followed by a longer E-flat. This opening, reportedly called "Fate knocking on the door" by Beethoven, begins this piece first played on December 28, 1808 by a group who was essentially sight reading this, Beethoven's Sixth Symphony, and two other hard musical pieces of Beethoven. Beethoven took over a decade to write the Fifth Symphony.

The number of recordings of this symphony is too numerous to enumerate here. The one I will mention is that it served as the musical backdrop to one of Fantasia 2000's pieces. The opening four notes were used during World War II as "V for Victory", as V is dit dit dit dah in Morse Code.

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Running times are from Deutsche Grammophon's recording of the Berliner Philharmonkier, directed by Herbert von Karajan.

Last week, my father emerged triumphant from my grandparent's underground garage, brandishing an immaculate 1969 LP of Beethoven's 5th by Karajan. Previously I hadn't been too taken by this symphony. Every recording I'd heard had been a little... turgid. Even the great Lorin Maazel. The opening bars are so well known that anything short of inspired just sounds cliched. This recording, however, was something of a revelation. It was a good notch faster than any other version, but not inappropriately so, and the orchestra was so good that there was not a second in the symphony where it felt they were struggling for balance and control.

This is a piece that needs to move. Beethoven's style is typically very vigorous, very muscular, and if played without enough momentum it can tend to wallow in its bulk. This is particularly true of the first movement - it possessed remarkable energy which made the music so much more captivating.

The other occasion Karajan's recording really dropped my jaw was the transition between the third and fourth movements. From the thundering dances of bass and cello in the third, the orchestra drops back to a very courtly dance of full pizicatto strings. This fades, and fades, and then becomes an extraodinary progression - upper strings over a slow timpani beat. The violins slowly initiate a bizarre series of scales, the precise harmonic structures of which defeat me, anyone with some good musical theory training may wish to back me up with a little official detail here.

In most recordings, this section is so quiet, so controlled, so austere to contrast with the coming explosion of full orchestra that it loses focus on its own brilliance. It's a little transition passage between bigger things. In the Karajan version, however, it is quite frankly the highlight of the symphony, and just about the coolest moment of orchestral music I've ever heard. The feel is an interesting contrast between the languid strings, playing a slightly weird progression of scales, and the barely heard but insistant timpani maintaining the drive. It accomplishes the feat of maintaining momentum and the strong rhythm of the third movement without actually sounding like it, but it becomes more obvious as the violins snap out of it and enter the crescendo into the fourth movement.

I'm not sure if this recording is available on CD, but if you can get it I would very much recommend it as a defining version of this symphony. It brings out the power and uniqueness of a work that has fallen into bad company and sadly become associated with a thousand bad TV ads.

Overview

Musicologists and historians call the central period of Ludwig Van Beethoven's (1770-1827) compositional life his 'heroic period' (1802-1812)¹. He composed a large number of works, most of which contained some sort of triumphant or "strong" musical theme². His fifth symphony was composed between 1807 and 1808, in the middle of this phase. The theme of triumph is echoed throughout the symphony, making it perhaps the most characteristic of Beethoven's heroic period.

Structure

Beethoven lived and composed during a time of transition between the Classical and Romantic eras³. Many of his pieces combined elements of the two, and Symphony No. 5 in C minor is no exception. As the Romantic movement developed, composers began to use larger orchestras that enabled them to go beyond their previous limits. This symphony calls for flutes, oboes, clarinets, horns, trumpets, timpani and strings.

The structure of the symphony itself relies heavily on classical forms and outlines. It, like many pieces from the Classical and Baroque eras, is comprised of four movements. Form, time signature, key and tempo vary between the four movements.

First Movement
The first movement is in sonata form, and contains the Classical sonata form elements: exposition, development, recapitulation and coda.⁴ It is played allegro con brio, or "fast and vigorous."⁵

The movement's beginning is perhaps the most famous in music history. Beethoven opened this symphony with a four-note motif which he likened to "fate knocking on the door."⁶ The theme returns, in some form or another, in "almost every measure of the movement."⁷ The movement's second theme, which is similar to the first, is played by the horns and followed with a building phrase by the strings and woodwinds.

The movement is marked with contrast. The dynamics change suddenly and without warning. The majority of the movement is played either forte or fortissimo, with several piano and pianissimo phrases providing contrast. The movement's 'development' and 'recapitulation' phases change the original key several times; it moves from C minor to F minor to C Major and finally returns to C minor for its conclusion.

Overall, the movement fits the "fast and serious"⁸ description given to sonata form.

Second Movement
The second movement of this symphony is little like the first. Whereas the first movement began with a loud, forceful motif, the second movement begins with a flowing, lyrical melody played by the violas and cellos.

This movement, unlike the first, is also in triple meter time and in A Flat Major. Its tempo is described as andante con moto (or "fairly slow but with movement"⁹).

Traditionally, most second movements were in aria form¹⁰ (which introduced a main theme, a second theme, and then returned to the main theme¹¹. Beethoven opted instead for a theme and variations form, presenting a main theme and presenting different arrangements of it.

There is also a great deal of contrast within this movement, as the second main theme is alternately a soft, gentle motif played by the clarinets and a triumphant fanfare played by the horns and strings. As with the first movement, the dynamics are varied and range from pianissimo to fortissimo.

Third Movement
A work's third movement was traditionally in Minuet and Trio form¹² but Beethoven considered the minuet inappropriate for his particular period in history¹³ and opted instead to use Scherzo and Trio form in many of his third movements.

This movement returns to the symphony's tonic key of C minor. It is played allegro or "fast" in 3/4 time. It begins with the cellos and basses, which quietly play a short phrase and are echoed by the woodwinds. It then moves to a theme similar to the main theme of the first movement. This theme, however, does not descend a minor third on its fourth note. Instead, it remains on the first note, which is the dominant of the key¹⁴. Much of the scherzo is similar to a 'dialogue' between the strings and the horns; it makes frequent use of the four-note motif and ends very quietly.

The 'trio' section of the movement begins with a "fuguelike" melody played by the cellos and basses in C Major. It is then repeated and accented by the woodwinds. The original fuguelike section is also repeated by the entire orchestra before returning to a low string melody.

At this point there is a reprisal of the scherzo in C minor. The four note motif is repeated with woodwinds and strings. This leads into the transition to the fourth movement, which consists of one quiet note by the strings, low playing by the timpani and a quiet violin melody (which repeats some of the themes from the scherzo). The key changes from minor to major as the melody increases in volume. The fourth movement begins.

Fourth Movement
This movement is mostly played by the entire orchestra (which now includes trombones, a piccolo and a contrabassoon¹⁵. It returns to sonata form and is in common time. Like the third movement, it is played allegro.

The movement contains several distinct themes, all of which have an air of triumph. Beethoven uses a wide range of keys during the development; all but a few are major. Some of the themes (including the variation on the original four-note motif from the scherzo) are used and repeated during this movement. After the movement's themes are replayed with subtle changes¹⁶, the tempo quickens and the symphony is brought to a climactic close as every instrument plays 'C' loudly¹⁷.

Public Reaction

The first performance of the symphony was met with ambivalence¹⁸. People began to take notice after it was performed again nearly two years later¹⁹. Many of the period's music critics are believed to have been unimpressed by Beethoven's "crude, wild and extraneous harmonies²⁰."

Today is it considered a masterpiece by countless people.

Conclusion

The fifth symphony is probably the best representation of Beethoven's heroic phase because of the transformation it goes through. Its beginning seems morbid and pessimistic but over the course of three movements it seems to triumph over darkness and adversity. The symphony could itself be a metaphor for any kind of journey in which a protagonist must overcome hardships and eventually conquers his or her demons triumphantly.

The symphony has achieved the status of legend in the nearly two hundred years since its completion. Still, however, many people are only familiar with the first (and some with the fourth) movement due to its wide use in cinema and other art projects. Naturally, one would have to experience the entire symphony in order to understand why it is so often associated with triumph.

Symphony No. 5, though one of Beethoven's most well known works, is overshadowed (to a certain extent) by his ninth symphony, when really, it's actually just as much of a triumph and contains just as poignant a message of hope.

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Works Cited:
¹Yudkin, Jeremy. Understanding Classical Music: Third Edition. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River. 2002. p. 197.
²Ibid.
³Ibid, p. 195.
⁴Ibid, p. 170.
⁵Ibid, p. 203.
⁶Ibid, p. 204.
⁷Ibid.
⁸Ibid, p. 170.
⁹Ibid, p. 207.
¹⁰Ibid, p. 169.
¹¹Ibid.
¹²Ibid.
¹³Ibid, p. 210.
¹⁴Ibid.
¹⁵Ibid, p. 212.
¹⁶Ibid, p. 216.
¹⁷Ibid.
¹⁸Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._5_%28Beethoven%29. 10 June 2004.
¹⁹Ibid.
²⁰Yudkin, Understanding Classical Music: Third Edition. p. 200.