A
Mycenaean palace, built in the 14th century B.C. atop the hill of
Epano Englianos. Its ruins are located near the modern Greek city of
Pylos. The palace is believed to have been the home of
Nestor, a Mycenaean king who is known foremost as
Agamemnon’s wise counselor in Homer’s
Iliad.
Greek legend tells of
Neleus, an ancient king, who ruled the area of Pylos with his twelve sons, around 1300 B.C. Some undocumented disaster, probably an earthquake, destroyed their settlement. Neleus and his son Nestor were among the only survivors, and
he and his father built their palace over the ruins.
Homer links Nestor with Pylos many times. For example, in the third book of
The Odyssey, he describes the visit of
Odysseus’ son
Telemachus to Pylos to seek Nestor’s direction, and how he found it to be a classy place:
Now when the child of morning, rosy-fingered Dawn, appeared, Nestor left his couch and took his seat on the benches of white and polished marble that stood in front of his great house. Here aforetime sat Neleus, peer of gods in counsel, but he was now dead, and had gone to the house of Hades; so Nestor sat in his seat, sceptre in hand, as guardian of the public weal.
The site sits high on a flat plateau on the Englianos ridge, with a domineering command of the valley below. It was originally a fortified town, settled as early as the Middle
Helladic Period. The palace complex, built near the end of the Late Helladic Period, postdates this earlier settlement, and seems to have replaced it. In size and complexity the ruins on Epano Englianos are comparable with
The Palace of Mycenae. The site consists of four two-story structures, most remarkable being "The Main Building", which in it's prime was a marvel of Mycenaean art and architecture, with a colorfully
frescoed throne room with lions arranged heraldically behind the throne, a
frieze of
pink griffins in the grand
megaron hall, painted stucco floors and possibly a cultivated garden. Also discovered on the site: an archive, workshops, tombs, single story private chambers and, curiously, a shrine to the minor goddess
Potnia Hippeia, "Mistress of Horses". Excavations at the site, the most notable being Professor Carl Blegen's 1952 dig, have not revealed any evidence of the palace having fortifications.
Archeologically, this is the most important Mycenaean palace yet discovered, as it holds hundreds of
Linear B clay tablets. These tablets are invaluable to scholars studying Helladic Period religion, as their content has an even broader range of information than those found at
Knossos. Ironically, the tablets are so well preserved because they were baked solid by the fire that destroyed the palace.
The destruction of the palace likely came shortly after the
Trojan War, in the generation after Nestor, around 1200 B.C., when
Dorian raiders arrived from the north and put it to the torch.