将軍

Shôgun is Japanese for "general", cf. the book about Douglas MacArthur called Gaijin Shogun. A Japanese could not become a shogun if they were not born into the samurai class: this is what happened to Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who was forced to settle with the title of kampaku, or Chief Advisor to the Emperor—shogun in all but name.

Shoguns ruled governments called bakufu. There were three major bakufu in Japanese history, one at Kamakura, one near Kyoto, and one at Edo.

Kamakura shoguns

Minamoto Yoritomo (1192 – 1199)
Minamoto Yoriie (1202 – 1203)
Minamoto Sanetomo (1203 – 1219)
Fujiwara Yoritsune (1226 – 1244)
Fujiwara Yoritsugu (1244 – 1252)

Kyoto shoguns

Ashikaga Takauji (1338 – 1358)
Ashikaga Yoriakira (1358 – 1367)
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu (1368 – 1394)
Ashikaga Yoshimochi (1394 – 1423)
Ashikaga Yoshikazu (1423 – 1425)
Ashikaga Yoshinori (1429 – 1441)
Ashikaga Yoshikatsu (1442 – 1443)
Ashikaga Yoshimasa (1443 – 1473)
Ashikaga Yoshihisa (1473 – 1489)
Ashikaga Yoshitane (1490 – 1494)
Ashikaga Yoshizumi (1494 – 1508)
Ashikaga Yoshitane (1508 – 1521)
Ashikaga Yoshiharu (1521 – 1546)
Ashikaga Yoshiteru (1546 – 1565)
Yoshihide Yoshiaki (1568 – 1573)

Edo shoguns

Tokugawa Ieyasu (1603 – 1605)
Tokugawa Hidetada (1605 – 1623)
Tokugawa Iemitsu (1623 – 1651)
Tokugawa Ietsuna (1651 – 1680)
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (1680 – 1709)
Tokugawa Ienobu (1709 – 1712)
Tokugawa Ietsugu (1712 – 1716)
Tokugawa Yoshimune (1716 – 1745)
Tokugawa Ieshige (1745 – 1760)
Tokugawa Ieharu (1760 – 1786)
Tokugawa Ienari (1786 – 1837)
Tokugawa Ieyoshi (1837 – 1853)
Tokugawa Iesada (1853 – 1858)
Tokugawa Iemochi (1858 – 1866)
Tokugawa Yoshinobu (1866 – 1867)