So Anselmus's
well-known 'proof' of God's existence stating that everything has a cause, therefore there must be a
first cause, which is
God, is
indeed
refuted by standard high-school mathematics (the theory of
limits).
This theory establishes infinite regress without supposing infinite numbers. Indeed, we can do math without infinite numbers, with a single one, or with infinitely many. But the mere idea of infinite regress doesn't decide between them.