You mostly see this term used in reference to modern
music.
If a band releases an album where the name of the album is the same as the name of the band-- say, Garbage, Rage Against the Machine, Portishead, or Led Zeppelin-- Radio announcers, music critics, and the frighteningly indie will often refer to such an album as "the group's self-titled album" rather than by the album's name itself, to avoid confusion.
Self-titled albums are almost invariably the group's first.