An operating system is typically thought of as the lowest level of software running on a computer, which presents abstract interfaces to aplication programs.

The previous statement is in fact completely wrong. The BIOS and micro code are lower level. Most people don't distinguish or think of the operating system at all, since most computers only ever know one operating system most users think of the operating system as part of "the computer" and not part of "the software." Many of the interfaces presented by operating systems are, in fact, not abstract, but merely historical: new hardware is substituted for old on the basis that the applications can use the new hardware like they used the old hardware. Thus hard drives are substituted for floppies.

List of OPERATING SYSTEMS

1. UNIX - emphasis on multi-user facilities, security and networking
   1. Solaris (aka SunOS)
   2. Minix (a minimal UNIX implementation by Andrew Tanenbaum for use in teaching Computer Science)
   3. AIX (from IBM)
   4. HP-UX/HPUX (from Hewlett Packard)
   5. IRIX (from SGI aka Silicon Graphics Inc.)
   6. Xenix (Microsoft UNIX)
   7. BSD Family (Berkeley Software Distribution)
      1. BSD
      2. NetBSD (emphasis on portability)
      3. OpenBSD (emphasis on cryptography and security)
      4. FreeBSD
   8. Mac OS X/Darwin
   9. Linux (aka GNU/Linux from RMS and Linus Torvalds in several distributions)
      1. RedHat
      2. Debian
      3. Slackware
      4. Caldera
      5. Red Flag Linux
      6. Mandrake
      7. SuSE
      8. Yellow Dog(Mac)
      9. LinuxPPC (Mac)
2. Microsoft Operating Systems (emphasis on compatibility with previous versions)
   1. MSDOS/DOS (Disk Operating System)
   2. Windows 3.1
   3. Windows 95
   4. Windows 2000
   5. Windows NT (Windows New Technology)
3. BeOS (emphasis on media)
4. AmigaOS
5. MacOS (emphasis on ease of use a consistent user interfaces. see also Mac OS X/Darwin)

Operating Systems typically provide:

1. Input/Output access to:
   1. Storage (Disks, Tapes/Tape Drives, CDROMs, DVDs, ...)
   2. Keyboard, Mouse/Mice, screen/monitor/VDU, sound
   3. Generic interface ports (RS232, SCSI, parallel port, ...)
   4. Network cards (Token ring, Ethernet, FDDI, ATM, ...) and a high level TCP/IP interface to this network hardware
2. Security features such as user authentication, process accounting, etc
3. Development tools such as Compilers, Debuggers, ...

1. Micro-kernel and real-time OS, like Chorus, Galilo or QNX...
2. IBM-specific operating systems like MVS, OS/400, ...
3. Palmtops operating systems like Windows CE, PalmOS, Epoc (Psion).
4. Acorn operating systems like RiscOS and NCOS.

operating system n.

[techspeak] (Often abbreviated `OS') The foundation software of a machine; that which schedules tasks, allocates storage, and presents a default interface to the user between applications. The facilities an operating system provides and its general design philosophy exert an extremely strong influence on programming style and on the technical cultures that grow up around its host machines. Hacker folklore has been shaped primarily by the Unix, ITS, TOPS-10, TOPS-20/TWENEX, WAITS, CP/M, MS-DOS, and Multics operating systems (most importantly by ITS and Unix).

--The Jargon File version 4.3.1, ed. ESR, autonoded by rescdsk.