An annotated nodography of E2 resources concerning Roman civilization.

There are substantial resources on E2 for students of ancient Roman civilization, and several noders have ably collected nodographies over the years. I am updating the collection and assembling the entries on Rome topically as an aid to the researcher and noder. Because many nodes straddle categories, I have copiously cross-listed them. Default organization is alphabetic except under political biography, which follows "industry standards" in being listed alphabetically by nomen gentilicium (the middle, and most important of a Roman's three names). I have for the most part deliberately sought to avoid empty nodeshells with collections of softlinks.

Lastly, I have annotated most entries to give an idea of content. I did this with two overlapping criteria. First, I thought of the newcomer to Roman studies wanting technical stuff glossed a little to facilitate searching; and the more experienced reader wanting a more specific idea of content. I hope I haven't fallen between two stools!

Other collections of E2 bibliography
• classical studies (a collection of nodes on both Greece and Rome)
• Italy (many nodes on ancient Italy and Rome)
• World History (a collection of hardlinks to historical periods and areas)

Geography
• Alexandria (chief city of Roman Egypt, cultural capital of the empire)
• Ancient Greece
• Carthage (Rome's bellicose competitor for trade resources, ultimately victim of Roman expansion)
• Etruscan (Rome's violent but fun-loving neighbors to the north)
• Italy (diachronic, through modern times)
• Nomen Latinum (on Rome's immediate neighbors)
• Leptis Magna (important North African city)
• Ravenna (extremely important site of paleochristian art and architecture in northern Italy)
• Vindobona (Roman army base that became Vienna, Austria)

Roman topography (geography, monuments, and related art of the city of Rome. But see also Roman archeology)
• Appian Way (i.e., via Appia)
• Ara Pacis (i.e., the Ara Pacis Augustae, the prominent Augustan monument of 13 BC)
• Aurelian Wall (i.e., Muri Aureliani, the late antique walls of Rome)
• Circus Maximus
• Colosseum (the Flavian Amphitheater)
• Colossus of Nero (one man's humble attempt to make a mark on his home town)
• Domus Aurea ("Now at last I can begin to live like a human being": Nero, on taking up residence here)
• Flavian Amphitheater (needs content!)
• Forum Iulium
• Forum of Augustus (i.e., Forum Augusti)
• Forum of Nerva (i.e., Forum Nervae, Forum Transitorium)
• Forum of Trajan (i.e., Forum Traiani)
• Forum Romanum (commented list of monuments and some history)
• The Obelisk of Psammeticus II (i.e., the obelisk of Augustus' giant sundial)
• pantheon (the great rotunda of Hadrianic age)
• pomerium (a.k.a. pomoerium, the sacred boundary of the Roman community)
• Porta Carmentalis (gate in Rome's Servian Walls with inauspicious associations)
• Rome (mostly topographical writeups with some history)
• San Clemente, Rome (basilica with important Mithraeum in basement)
• the seven hills of Rome (alternative lists circulated in antiquity)
• Stairs of mourning (i.e., Scalae Gemoniae, where executed criminals were cast out)
• Temple of Jupiter Feretrius
• The Testaccio (titanic heap o' sherds giving its name to a district of the modern city)
• Trajan's column (i.e., Columna Traiani, the one with St. Peter on top)
• tufa (common building material of the republic, its many varieties the bane of students of Roman architecture)

Roman myth-history (early period to ca. 400 B.C. Historians disagree strongly over how much of this is "myth" and how much is "history")
• Carmenta (Evander's mother)
• The Early History of Rome (Livy's first five books)
• Etruscan (key figures in early Roman history, northern neighbors and rivals)
• The Exile of Tarquin, and the First Consuls (drawn from Livy 1.55)
• Horatius at the Bridge (the plucky lad who covered the Roman retreat in 509 BC)
• The Oath of the Horatii (art historical treatment of Jacques Louis David's painting)
• Rape of Lucretia (trigger of expulsion of the kings)
• Roman virtues (overlaps with Mores Maiorum; lacks magnitudo animi)
• Rome: Kings and Consuls (a list of the Roman kings without traditional dates)
• Romulus and Remus (genesis and fate of the two heroes)
• Sabine Women (a novel way of increasing the population)
• Tarpeian Rock (Capitoline Hill site of capital punishment)
• Tarquin the Proud (the last king, driven into exile, 510 BC)

Roman (mostly political) history (but see Roman political life, political biography, and Roman empire)
• 19 CE Expulsion from Rome (Tiberius' expulsion of Jews and Egyptians)
• ancient Greece and Rome timeline (55,000 BC - AD 410; Roman period mostly a list of emperors)
• ancient history (when does "ancient" history end?)
• Augustan Reforms (military, political, social, religious, and other reforms of Augustus)
• Augustus (on the first emperor)
• Catiline Orations (i.e., the Catilinarian orations, 1-3).
• Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam (Cato's boilerplate peroration calling for Carthage's destruction)
• The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (the collapse of the empire)
• The Fall of the Roman Empire (the transformation of the empire into its medieval descendants)
• first triumvirate (the unofficial coalition of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar)
• History (what is history, what does it mean?)
• The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (a vast project offering the text of Gibbon)
• Nomen Latinum (relevant for earlier periods)
• Pax Romana (the relatively peaceful era during the empire's height, c. 27 BC - AD 180)
• The Punic Wars and the Fall of the Roman Republic (better on the Punic Wars)
• Res Gestae Divi Augusti (Augustus' autobiographical inscription. Its role in his propaganda)
• Roman Emperors (a complete, extensively hardlinked list)
• Roman Empire (history and geography)
• Roman Republic (a collection of softlinks only. Someone should fill this)
• second triumvirate (Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian)
• Senator Robert Byrd and the Roman Republic (the second half is about the republic and its fall)
• Spartacus (Thracian shepherd who led a massive slave revolt)
• Western Roman Empire (AD 395-480)

Roman political life (alphabetical)
• auctoritas (defines the political technical term)
• Caesar (the name as it became a technical term, leading to "Kaiser" and "Czar")
• censor (the magistracy)
• centuriate assembly (the most important republican voting assembly)
• Consul (the highest regular magistracy)
• cursus honorum (the basic Roman republican career pattern)
• curule chair (an important token of the higher Roman magistrates)
• curule magistrate (a definition of the term)
• dignitas (defines the political technical term)
• Equestrian (the apolitical stratum of the upper class)
• Fasces (symbol of magisterial authority)
• Imperium (the quasi-religious power vested in the highest Roman magistrates)
• Lex (technical information on the naming and storage of Roman laws)
• lictor (minor functionary who shouldered people out of curule magistrates' way)
• Mores Maiorum (see Roman virtues under myth-history above)
• Novus Homo (Latin term for a political upstart)
• patres (et) conscripti (technical term for senators as a group)
• Plebeian (the Roman "commoners")
• Political suicide (a way to avoid condemnation and save part of the family fortune from confiscation)
• Praetor (the second-ranked regular republican magistracy)
• Praetorian Guard (the emperor's bodyguard)
• proconsul (Webster needs some help here)
• Public Offices in Ancient Rome (a good collection of most of the offices of the republic)
• Senate (the politically active stratum of the upper class)
• Spolia Opima (awarded for killing an enemy leader in single combat under your own auspices)
• SPQR (defines the term)
• Tribunus plebis (office instituted to protect the commons from aristocratic magistrates)

Roman political biography (i.e., people mainly known for political reasons, alphabetical by family--'middle', or gentilicium--name)
• Hadrian (i.e., Publius Aelius Hadrianus, Roman emperor)
• Lucius Aemilius Paulus (father who fell at Cannae, and son who defeated Perseus at Pydna)
• Titus Annius Milo (optimate henchman in the 50s BC, Cicero's famous client)
• Antonia the Younger (i.e., the daughter of M. Antonius, mother of Claudius)
• Antoninus Pius (i.e., Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antonius Pius Augustus Caesar--deserves a longer writeup)
• Lucius Artorius Castus (Artorius, i.e., Arthur, king of the Britons? Early Aneurin)
• Marcus Aurelius (i.e., Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, philosopher-emperor)
• Commodus (i.e., Lucius Aurelius Commodus, emperor and son of Marcus Aurelius)
• Piso (covers several Calpurnii Pisones of the republic and empire)
• Appius Claudius Caecus (an empty node with soft links relevant to his life and career)
• Claudius (i.e., Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus the emperor)
• Nero Claudius Drusus Germanicus (brother of Tiberius, father of Claudius and Germanicus)
• Publius Clodius Pulcher (prominent late republican politician given to "unsound" methods. But he loved his sister, at least)
• Cornelius Cossus (early winner of spolia opima)
• Scipio Africanus (i.e., Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, defeater of Hannibal, and his adoptive son)
• Sulla (i.e., Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, champion of senatorial conservatism and ruthless dictator)
• Didius Julianus (i.e., Marcus Didius Severus Iulianus, emperor for about 8 minutes, AD 193)
• Nero (i.e., Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, the emperor)
• Gaius Fabricius Luscinus (general in the Pyrrhic wars)
• Vespasian (i.e., Titus Flavius Vespasianus, emperor)
• Domitian (i.e., Titus Flavius Domitianus, "dominus et deus" to his friends)
• Flavian Dynasty (Vespasian-Titus-Domitian)
• Flavius Aetius (5th century AD statesman and onetime Hun hostage)
• Marcus Furius Camillus (hero of the war against Veii and against the Gauls, c. 400 BC)
• Pertinax (i.e., Publius Helvius Pertinax, the school teacher who became emperor, AD 193)
• Julius Caesar (a good long discussion of Caesar the dictator)
• Julio-Claudian Dynasty (Augustus-Tiberius-Caligula-Claudius-Nero)
• The Death Of Julius Caesar (CSI--Ancient Rome)
• Augustus (i.e., Imperator Caesar Augustus)
• Res Gestae Divi Augusti (inscribed autobiography of Augustus)
• Acta est fabula and Plaudite, amici, comedia finita est (two versions of Augustus' last words)
• Tiberius (i.e., Tiberius Iulius Caesar Augustus, second emperor)
• Germanicus (i.e., Germanicus Julius Caesar Claudianus, adopted son of Tiberius)
• Cnaeus Julius Agricola (i.e., Gnaeus Iulius Agricola, Flavian general, father-in-law to Tacitus)
• Marcus Licinius Crassus Dives ("associate" of Pompey and Caesar, killed in Syria, 53 BC)
• Livia (i.e., Livia Drusilla, wife of the emperor Augustus)
• Marius (i.e., Gaius Marius, greatest republican iterator of consulships (7) and army reformer)
• Lucius Mummius (sacker of Corinth)
• Octavia (1 Augustus' sister; 2 Nero's luckless first wife)
• Pliny the Younger (i.e., Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus, litterateur and prominent politician of the early empire)
• Pompey (i.e., Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, late republican dynast)
• Sextus Pompeius (the son of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus)
• Cato the Elder (i.e., Marcius Porcius Cato, consul, censor, would-be Carthage destroyer)
• Otho (i.e., Marcus Salvius Otho, would-be successor to Nero)
• Tiberius Gracchus (i.e., Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, luckless tribune and reformer of 133 BC)
• Septimius Severus (i.e., Lucius Septimius Severus, emperor)
• L. Sergius Catilina, i.e., Catiline (the would-be revolutionary of 63 BC)
• Galba (i.e., Servius Sulpicius Galba, successor to Nero)
• Tigellinus (Neronian baddy who egged the emperor on)
• Marcus Tullius Cicero i.e., Cicero (the great orator and statesman)
• Constantius Chlorus (i.e., Flavius Valerius Iulius Constantius, father of the following)
• Constantine (i.e., Flavius Valerius Constantinus, recognizer of Christianity, founder of Constantinople, etc.)
• Marcus Valerius Corvinus Mesalla (read: Messala. Cautius collaborator with the Augustan regime)
• Agrippa (i.e., Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, Augustus' number two man)
• Vitellius (i.e., Aulus Vitellius, noted feaster and would-be successor to Nero)

Roman social history
• Equestrian (the apolitical stratum of the upper class)
• How to wear a toga (instructions. Not quite social history, but . . . )
• Lead Poisoning and the Fall of the Roman Empire (improbable, but here are some arguments)
• Marriage in ancient Rome (marriage customs)
• Mores Maiorum (see Roman virtues under myth-history above)
• Mortality in the Ancient World (a general discussion)
• The namelessness of Roman women (male and female onomastics)
• Novus Homo (Roman republican political upstarts)
• Patronage in Ancient Rome (the mechanism of interpersonal relations)
• Plebeian (the "commoners")
• princeps (development of the word into something like a title for the early emperors)
• Roman names and Roman Naming Method (onomastics)
• Roman Sense of Humor (focuses on sex and violence)
• Roman sexuality (good discussions, should reference Williams' Roman Homosexuality)
• Roman virtues (see under myth-history above)
• toga (terms and definitions concerning the distinctive Roman garb)
• The world's first contraceptive (the recipe. No word on effectiveness!)
• Titus and Berenice (the emperor and his concubine, on Roman antisemitism)

Roman law
• corpus iuris civilis (the title of Justinian's code)
• falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus (legal principle)
• Justinian (caused the codification of Roman law in c. AD 529)
• Latin law expressions (metanode)
• Lex (technical description)
• Praetor (responsibilities included oversight of Roman civil and criminal law)
• res gestae (the law term, not the Augustan inscription)
• Roman law (a good general discussion)
• The Twelve Tables (i.e., lex XII tabularum, the first Roman law code, c. 450 BC)

Roman religion
• Ancient Roman Sacrificing (a discursive discussion)
• Apollonius of Tyana (a first-century wonder worker paralleling Jesus)
• Carmenta (mythical mother of Evander, primeval Roman)
• epulones (feast-giving priests)
• The Feast of Cybele
• Fordicidia (festival of Tellus)
• Greek and Roman Mythology (part of a vast series of nodes on different myth systems)
• interpretatio romana (Roman practice of identifying foreign gods by the nearest Roman equivalent)
• lar, lares (Webster shells needing filling)
• Lemuria (festival of the dead)
• Lupercalia (fertility festival)
• manes (spirits of the departed)
• Mithraism and Roman Mithraism (popular cult among veterans, brought back from the East)
• Natalis Solis Invicti (why Christmas is December 25)
• Olympians (this metanode links to nodes on the 12 gods. See also Titans and Olympians)
• Pax Deorum (an uneasy truce with the gods. Just don't screw that ritual up . . . .)
• Quirinus (deity associated with Romulus)
• Roman Origins of the Universe (a brief discussion)
• The Roman Pantheon of Gods and Goddesses (specifically Roman/Latin discussion)
• Roman persecution of Christians (Roman tolerance and lack thereof)
• Roman temple architecture
• Saint Cecilia (traditional 3rd century Roman martyr with important cult sites)
• Saturnalia (festival of Saturn, noted for relaxing of social boundaries)
• The Secular Games (i.e., ludi saeculares, periodic games with a religious significance)
• Carmen Saeculare (Horace's showstopper hymn from the Secular Games of 17 BC)
• Silvanus (a rustic god)
• Spolia Opima (awarded for killing an enemy leader in single combat under your own auspices)
• Tauroctony (slaughter of a bull in Mithraic rites)
• Temple of Jupiter Feretrius (connected with spolia opima)
• vestal virgin (attandant of Rome's sacred symbolic hearth)

Roman army/wars/battles (but see Roman political history, Roman Empire)
• Actium (decisive triumviral sea battle, 31 BC)
• Battle of Adrianople (a maraudin' horde o' Visigoths whacks emperor Valens & co., AD 478)
• Battle of Cannae (second Punic War)
• Battle of Lake Trasimene (second Punic War)
• Battle of the Medway (important battle, AD 43, Rome vs. Caratacus)
• Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (great defeat under Augustus, AD 9)
• Battle of Trebia (second Punic War)
• Battle of Zama (second Punic War)
• Caesar's Commentaries on the Gallic War as military history (his strengths and weaknesses as a modern military historian)
• Carthage (Rome's great mid-republican opponent)
• Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam (Cato's boilerplate peroration calling for Carthage's destruction)
• De Bello Gallico (Caesar's version of his conquest of Gaul, roughly modern France)
• The Gallic Wars Appendix A (metanode: Caesar on the legion, cavalry, formations, officers, special units, camps, materiel, and food and pay)
• Decimate (extreme military punishment-kill every tenth man)
• First Punic War (Bellum poenicum primum)
• foederati (late antique auxiliaries serving under their own commanders--not immensely loyal)
• gladius (the typical Roman short sword)
• The Imperial Roman Army (a detailed discussion)
• Imperial Roman Legion (excellent detailed discussions)
• Jugurtha (enemy of Rome in the late second century BC made famous by Sallust)
• Legions of Varus (i.e., legions XVII, XVIII, and XIX, destroyed by Germans, AD 9)
• magister militum (late imperial "master general of the Roman field army")
• Misenum (an important naval base)
• Mons Badonicus (late antique battle between Romano-British and Anglo-Saxons)
• Mons Graupius (battle between Agricola and Caledonians, AD 84)
•